Measurement and analysis of land use conflict in Kunming from the perspective of ecological-production-living spaces

The assessment of land use conflicts from the eco-production-living perspective can offer guidance for governance and a practical approach to achieving rational territorial space allocation. The spatial conflict measurement model and functional conflict measurement system of land use is established based on the remote sensing image data of Kunming in 2010, 2015, and 2020. The present study examines the level and spatiotemporal dynamics of land use conflicts in Kunming City from the eco-production-living perspective. The findings indicate that:(1) The distribution of living space in Kunming can be categorized as follows: ecological space > production space > living space, with the most significant variation observed in the living space category, exhibiting an impressive growth rate of 464.32%;(2) The spatial control level of land use in Kunming City exhibited a hierarchical pattern, ranging from controllable to stable controllable, and further transitioning to a state of basic out-of-control and ultimately severe out-of-control. Notably, the degree of severe out-of-control experienced the most significant increase, nearly tripling within a span of five years;(3) The conflict of land use function is predominantly driven by areas with a single-function advantage, wherein the competitiveness of life and production functions continues to be enhanced while the competitiveness of ecological function diminishes. Moreover, there is a gradual increase in the proportion of areas experiencing intense conflicts;(4) The proportion of spatial-functional dual-controlled areas in Kunming City was the highest, with single-function conflict areas exceeding single-space conflict areas. Among these, the growth rate of single-function conflict areas was 17.06%, while the proportion of spatial-functional dual-out-of-control areas was the lowest. Overall, controllable areas were decreasing while out-of-control areas were increasing, and there were evident expansion characteristics around the coast of Didian Lake. It is suggested that Kunming should pay attention to the protection of cultivated land and forest land in the process of urban development, strictly control the development increment of the area around Dianchi Lake, and rationally optimize the territorial space layout.