Construction of Multi-level Ecological Security Pattern in Kunming Based on Ecological Risk Assessment

The study utilized data on land use and coverage changes in the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 to perform an ecological risk assessment. The analysis involved the application of the MSPA model and the significant connectivity index(dPC) to pinpoint ecological origins. Seven resistance factors were selected, and through the MCR model, both overall ecological corridors and those specifically within natural reserves were delineated. The results show that: Between 2000 and 2020, there was a notable shift in the spatial distribution of ecological risks. The middle-low risk regions expanded by 3329.44 km² during this period, leading to their proportion rising from 32.89% to 56.30%. In contrast, the low-risk areas saw a consistent decrease, while the medium, medium-high and high-risk zones displayed a trend of decreasing at first and then increasing.The dPC selected 23 general ecological sources and 18 nature reserves, while the MCR model constructed 52 general ecological corridors and 33 ecological corridors within nature reserves. The landscape ecological corridor is predominantly situated in the southwest, central, and northern regions of the study area, with the southeast corridor being absent due to unique geographical factors and urban development. This configuration results in an ecological pattern characterized by "one belt, two corridors, and four areas." These findings illustrate the ecological risk evolution in Kunming over the past two decades. The establishment of nature reserves and an urban ecological network can serve as a foundation for delineating, adjusting, and enhancing the ecological control area in Kunming.