Abstract: Much more attention has been paid to the rhizobium, which are symbiotic bacteria forming symbiosis with leguminous plants and conducting nitrogen fixation in the nature.Application of the drought-tolerance of rhizobium to hot-arid regions is helpful to provide means and ideas of improving vegetation growth and promoting productivity of agriculture in these areas.The research advances in drought-resistance of rhizobium were reviewed from the point of physio-chemical view and from the angle of gene engineering.