Abstract: Based on the survey of soil samples from 10 sampling points of Populus euphratica forest and the DBH of P. euphratica in different habitats of the Tarim River, the water and salt characteristics of different P. euphratica under different streams in the Tarim River were analyzed by statistical methods. Results show that the soil water content in the study area increases with the soil depth, and there is no significant difference in the water content of different soil depths. The closer the lateral distance from the main stream of the Tarim River, the higher the soil moisture content of each soil layer, and the soil salt content tends to increase. P. euphratica seedlings can grow when the soil water content is 16.75%−18.76% and the total soil salt is 0.08%−0.47%. When the soil water content is 4.55%−16.75% and the total salt content is 0.47%−1.36%, the proportion of P. euphratica is larger. The soil water content is less than 4.55%, the total salt content is over 1.36%, and P. euphratica is aging. There is a certain gap between soil water and salt under different P. euphratica in the mainstream of Tarim River. In the natural rejuvenation of P. euphratica, irrigation and salt discharge are essential.