Abstract: The related genes were selected from rice, we compared the tiller number related genes and amino acid sequences of Phyllostachys edulis and 4 newly sequenced bamboos, as well as rice, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and Brachypodium distachyon, and the homologous sequences of tiller genes in bamboos of 2 rhizome types pachymorph and leptomorph were analyzed. The results showed that 17 gene sequences such as D10, DLT, Gn1a, HTD1, LAX1, MOC1, OsAAP3, OsCYP19−4, OsEATB, OsIAGLU, OsPIN1, OsPIN5b, OsSPL14, OsSUT2, OsTB1, RFL, THIS1 have obvious structural differences in bamboos of different rhizome types. In the phylogenetic tree, the 2 species of herbaceous bamboos are closely related to Poaceae grasses, which were distinguished from woody bamboos, this may provide some molecular basis for the unique rhizome system of woody bamboos. Among these 17 genes, there is a deletion of the domain of the genes that regulates tiller increase or inhibits tiller growth, this kind of difference may inhibit the pachymorph growth of P. edulis (which represent leptomorph bamboo) and make it extend underground stems, thereby forming the rhizomes. Some tiller genes are involved in the interaction between the signaling pathways of various plant hormones and thus affect the production of tillers. From the above results, it can be speculated that the formation of pachymorph and leptomorph rhizomes may be related to the genes regulating the number of tillers and the effects of various hormones.