Abstract: The thermal performance of 4 different exterior walls taken from timber-framed structure building-A(cork board) and timber-framed structure building-B(antiseptic wood) was tested on site. The 2 buildings are located in Nanjing, China, which is cold in winter and hot in summer. The thermal and humidity properties and thermal performance of the structural materials were determined respectively. Then the thermal performance of the walls and their thermal-cohesion coupling performance were simulated and verified. The main results showed that the values of test results of thermal conductivity, indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity and indoor and outdoor dew point temperature values were in great agreement with the predicted values, which proved that WUFI simulation can be used to predict the thermal insulation properties of the exterior walls effectively. Second, the 2 buildings tested were applicable for cold areas and the overall thermal insulation performance of building-A was better than that of building-B, which also can prove that the reasonable optimization of the design of building wall bone column structure was the key to building external wall insulation. Third, the timber-framed structure buildings were proved to have good temperature and humidity regulation and the overall thermal and hygroscopic performance of building-A was better than that of building-B. The annual average indoor relative humidity of the 2 timber-framed structure buildings was 54.92% and 56.13%, respectively. The annual temperature and relative humidity of the buildings tested in winter were within the appropriate range of 18−28 ℃ and 30%−80% respectively. The wall design was suitable for the hot summer and cold winter climate zone of Nanjing. Fourth, the moulds spores of 4 different exterior walls were less likely to germinate in interior wall through simulation analysis.