Abstract: The geographical distribution, species composition, floristic composition, population status and endangered causes of Firmiana major were summarized and analyzed by field survey, consulting literature and specimens. The results showed that F. major was distributed intermittently in the humid gully or shady slopes of the upper reaches of Jinsha River, and there are a counter of 17 distribution points. The distribution of Niru Valley in Shangri-La is located in the Tibetan area of Yunnan and Sichuan border. The area is sparsely populated and the environment is steep and humid. It is the most natural and intact type of F. major population with the largest population(0.7 km²) and the largest number(more than 10000 strains). F. major is a relic species that has been retreated after the ancient Mediterranean. The wild population natural regeneration rate is very low, with few distribution points, the natural regeneration rate is very low and endangered species, due to multiple factors such as the flowering and fruiting of wild populations, the animal to eating seed, living environment, and human factor.