Abstract: In this study, bamboo powder treated with cold water, 10 g/L HCl, 10 g/L NaOH, 120 U/mL amylase solution, V(toluene)∶V(ethanol) = 2∶1 and 120 ℃ hydrothermal extraction, respectively, was used as the experimental objects. The relationship between the main chemical components of bamboo(cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and mold was investigated by observing the growth of 3 common molds on bamboo powder, namely, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium citrinum, and Aspergillus niger, and testing the chemical content, functional groups and microscopic morphology of bamboo powder to further investigate the key mold-causing components in bamboo. The results showed that bamboo powder treated with 10 g/L NaOH had the best effect on mildew prevention, and the comprehensive bacteriostatic rate could reach 50%. After alkali treatment, in addition to the dissolution of soluble nutrients, hemicellulose and lignin were partially degraded, which reduced the nutrients that could be converted and utilized by mold, enhanced the density of bamboo fiber cells, reduced the water absorption of bamboo, and effectively improved the mildew resistance of bamboo powder. 10 g/L NaOH could not only improve the anti-mildew property of bamboo, but also enhance the mechanical properties of bamboo.