Abstract: The physical and chemical properties of wood were determined by the microstructural characteristics of tree species, which was of great significance to study the ecological adaptability of vegetation, control the structure of biological community, identification of wood species, wood processing and utilization, especially for the mechanism of forest fire prevention. In this paper, fire-resistant tree species were choosen as the research object, non-fire-resistant tree species as a reference, the research progress of fire-resistant forest belt and the application of wood anatomical micro techniques, the structural characteristics of fire-resistant wood, the microscopic characteristics of leaves and roots were reviewed, and the future direction of research was prospected. The aim is to provide scientific basis for our country's forest fire prevention engineering construction to respond to the ecological civilization fire prevention.