Abstract: From June 2022 to May 2023, a comparative analysis of butterfly diversity was conducted across 7 distinct habitats in Xundian County, Yunnan Province. The primary objective of this investigation was to assess the distribution of species diversity among butterflies and employ them as an indicator species for environmental monitoring. The line transect was utilized for this comprehensive study. The findings indicated that a total of 74 species, belonging to 9 families and 49 genera were recorded in 7 habitats. Among these, Pseudozizeeria maha and Pieris brassicae had the largest abundance. The diversity of butterfly was highest in the valley area, and the number of individuals was highest in grasslands. There are differences in the species richness and Shannon-Wiener index among habitats. Beta diversity analysis revealed that the butterfly species composition in different habitats was dominated by the turnover components. Among them, the turnover components of natural forests and farmland were the largest, while the nestedness components of villages and grasslands were the largest. The study also found that butterfly diversity varied over the months, with the highest diversity observed in July and the lowest in May. From a conservation perspective, the conservation strategy should focus on protecting the entire ecosystem, with particular attention paid to valley area with the highest butterfly diversity. In addition, relevant government management departments should pay special attention to monitoring during the months with the highest butterfly diversity.