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滇东南喀斯特农耕区鸟类多样性比较
Avian Diversity Comparison in Karst Farming Area of Southeastern Yunnan
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摘要: 在我国西南喀斯特地区,农业扩张被认为是加剧生态系统退化及生物多样性丧失的重要原因。为探究喀斯特地区不同农业化强度对鸟类多样性的影响,于2017年1月至2018年3月在云南省马关县使用样线法开展鸟类调查。共布设样线66条,按样线所在生境农业化强度从低到高分为对照林地、低农业化、中农业化和高农业化4类。结果表明:记录鸟类255种,林地156种、低强度生境167种、中强度生境179种、高强度生境120种;在繁殖季各生境物种丰富度、功能多样性及谱系多样性差异显著,皆是中强度生境最高。非繁殖季各生境多样性指数差异不显著;相关性矩阵分析显示,不同摄食功能群鸟类的生境选择偏好存在季节性差异。综上所述:繁殖季鸟类受农业化影响较非繁殖季明显;中强度生境拥有更高的鸟类多样性及复杂的功能群;尽管林地中鸟类多样性较低,但为部分物种提供了关键庇护。因此,加强喀斯特地区林地保护,并防止农林混合生境向高强度农业化生境发展尤为重要。Abstract: The growth of cultivated land is thought to be a major factor in the ecosystem's degradation and biodiversity loss in the karst mountainous regions of southwest China. To investigate the impact of avian diversity in various agricultural habitats in the karst areas, we conducted bird surveys using the line transect method in Maguan County, Yunnan Province, between January 2017 and March 2018. There were 66 transcects set up in all. The habitats of the transects were divided into 4 types according to the intensity of agriculture: control plot woodland, low-intensity agriculture, medium-intensity agriculture, and high-intensity agriculture. The results were as follows: a total of 255 bird species were recorded, including 156 species in woodland, 167 species in low-intensity agriculture, 179 species in medium-intensity agriculture, and 120 species in high-intensity agriculture. During the breeding season, the species richness, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity of birds differed significantly among habitats, with the highest levels found in the medium-intensity agriculture. In the non-breeding season, there was no significant difference in the diversity index of different habitats. Correlation matrix analysis showed that there were seasonal differences in habitat preferences of bird feeding communities. From this, the impact of agricultural intensity on bird diversity during the breeding season showed more pronounced than during the non-breeding season. The medium-intensity habitat had higher bird diversity and complex functional groups. Bird diversity in woodlands is low, but these areas provide essential shelter for some species. Thus, it's crucial to enhance forest protection in karst areas and prevent the conversion of mixed agroforestry habitats to high-intensity agricultural land.