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四川黄龙自然保护地及邻近地区的蚂蚁多样性研究

Ant Diversity in Sichuan Huanglong Nature Reserve and Adjacent Areas*

    摘要
  • 摘要: 为揭示四川黄龙自然保护地及邻近地区蚂蚁群落与物种多样性规律，采用样地调查、形态分类、多样性测定和偏相关分析方法研究了该地区蚂蚁多样性，2024—2025年7—8月在海拔1264～3990m的4个垂直带上调查34块50 m × 50 m样地、170个1 m × 1 m样方。结果表明：在黄龙自然保护地及邻近地区共记录到蚂蚁443945头，为蚁科昆虫4亚科27属62种，四川凹唇蚁和中华红林蚁是蚂蚁群落中的优势种，发现较稀有种17个、稀有种35个。不同海拔样地蚂蚁群落的主要指标为物种数2～21种，个体密度12.0～268.0头/m2，多样性指数0.0018～2.1540，均匀度指数0.0016～0.7174，优势度指数0.1404～0.9997。随着海拔升高，蚂蚁群落的物种数、个体密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数波动降低，而优势度指数波动升高，主要受海拔因素制约。各垂直带蚂蚁群落之间相似性系数为0.1519～0.4918，处于极不相似至中等不相似水平。物种丰富度、个体密度、多样性指数、均匀度指数与海拔之间极显著负相关，优势度指数与海拔之间极显著正相关，物种丰富度与地被物厚度之间极显著正相关，物种丰富度、个体密度与乔木郁闭度之间显著负相关。因此，黄龙自然保护地及邻近地区蚂蚁物种丰富度相对较低，可能与其较高的海拔和高寒气候背景有关；蚂蚁群落中的优势种数量较少，而稀有种数量较多，在生物多样性保护中应予以重点关注；不同垂直带上的蚂蚁群落之间差异明显，具有不同保护价值；海拔、乔木郁闭度和地被物厚度对海拔梯度上的蚂蚁群落结构和多样性具有重要影响。

     

    Abstract: To reveal the community and species diversity law of ants in Huanglong Nature Reserve and adjacent areas of Sichuan, so as to provide a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation. Ant diversity of the area was investigated using the methods of plot sampling, morphological taxonomy, diversity measurement and partial correlation analysis. Totally 34 plots of 50 m × 50 m and 170 quadrats of 1 m × 1 m were surveyed at an altitude ranging from 1264 m to 3990 m (with altitude difference 2726 m) from July to August in 2024 and 2025 respectively. A total of 443,945 ant individuals were recorded. Totally 62 species belonging to 27 genera and 4 subfamilies of Formicidae were recognized in Huanglong Nature Reserve and adjacent areas. Formica sentschuensis Ruzsky and F. sinensis Wheeler were the dominant species, meanwhile 17 relatively rare species and 35 rare species were found in the ant community. Main indicators of ant communities in different altitude sample plots were as follow: species richness ranged from 2 to 21 species (average 8.6), individual densities ranged from 12.0 to 268.0 heads/m2 (average 74.8 heads/m2), diversity indices ranged from 0.0018 to 2.1540 (average 0.7904), evenness indices ranged from 0.0016 to 0.7174 (average 0.3619), dominant indices ranged from 0.1404 to 0.9997 (average 0.6219). As the altitude increases, species number, individual density, diversity index, and evenness index of ant communities fluctuates and decreases, and the dominant index fluctuates and increase, it is mainly restricted by altitude factor. Similarity coefficients between ant communities on different vertical zones were 0.1519-0.4918 (average 0.3289), ranging from extremely dissimilar to moderately dissimilar levels. Correlation analysis shows that there is an extremely significant negative correlation between species richness, individual density, diversity index, evenness index and altitude (P < 0.001), an extremely significant positive correlation between dominant index and altitude (P < 0.001), an extremely significant positive correlation between species richness and litter thickness (P < 0.001), and a significant negative correlation between species richness, individual density and canopy density (P < 0.05).
    Conclusion Ant species richness is relatively low in Huanglong Nature Reserve and adjacent areas, it may be related to its high altitude and cold climate background. In ant community, the number of dominant species is relatively small, while the number of rare species is relatively large, it should be given priority attention in biodiversity conservation. Ant communities in different vertical zones show significant differences and possess different conservation values. The influence of altitude, canopy density, and litter thickness on the community structure and diversity of ants along altitudinal gradient is significant. This study has, for the first time, clarified the ant species, community structure and diversity law in Huanglong Nature Reserve and adjacent areas, and provided scientific basis for the conservation of Formicidae insect biodiversity in the region.

     

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