Abstract: The growth traits and physiological properties of 5 provenances of Quercus mongolica were studied with 3 treatments in the comparative experiments. The results showed that there were significant or extremely significant differences in biomass per plant, basal diameter, leaf number, single leaf area, stomatal density, stomatal size and other morphological characteristics, and there were also significant differences in Pn, Yield, qN and other physiological features among the 5 provenances. The biomass of provenance J was the largest that reached 16.37g per plant, while the biomass of provenance B was the least as 11.46g per plant. The Treatment No. 2 was the most beneficial to seedling growth and dry matter accumulation, the average biomass produced under this treatment was 22% higher than that of produced under Treatment No.3. However, the seedling height obtained under Treatment No. 3 with less light condition was the largest, indicating that the weaker solar radiation might promote the height growth. The differences in growth indexes among the treatments showed that the growth of Q. mongolica was not only controlled by the genetic material but it was also obviously interacted with environmental conditions. The comprehensive evaluation on the 5 provenances was J>P>S>B>H. The study indicated that there were very rich genetic resources of Q. mongolica, and the provenance J was of greater value to be extended than the others.