Abstract: With 15 geographical provenances of Platycaldus orientalis the anatomical structure of the scale leaves was observed with the paraffinsection method under optical microscope to study the difference in drought resistance. The results showed that there were significant or extremely significant differences in the leaf thickness and cuticle thickness of the scale leaves among the provenances. A comprehensive analysis on the anatomical properties of the scale leaves among the provenances was conducted by using membership function method with 6 indices including the leaf thickness, cuticle thickness, upper and lower epidermis thickness, thickness ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue and the stomatal openness. The drought resistance order of these 15 geographical provenances was as Queshan of Henan > Shehong of Sichuan > Pingyin of Shandong > Huangling of Shaanxi > Huolu of Hebei > Changqing of Shandong > Nanping of Fujian > Yili of Xinjiang > Yuanshan of Shandong > Lingyuan of Liaoning > Lingyan of Shandong > Miyun of Beijing > Changzhi of Shanxi ＞Culai Mountain of Shandong > Jingmen of Hubei.