中文 
English 2021 Vol. 41 No. 1
2021, 41(1): 1-16.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.202010014
Abstract：
From 1889 to 2020, foreign and domestic myrmecologists actually recorded 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 54 species of ants in Tibet. In this study, totally 183 species belonging to 10 subfamilies and 57 genera were recognized, extra 5 subfamilies, 35 genera and 129 species were supplemented comparing to predecessors’ surveys, the new record subfamilies are Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Dorylinae, Leptanillinae and Pseudomyrmecinae, which significantly enriched the ant fauna research of Tibet. The ant fauna of Tibet is a mixture of Palearctic and Oriental components, with Oriental component in predominant and Palearctic compoment relatively poor, and has definite relationship with other zoogeographical regions. At genera level, the relationship with other zoogeographical regions is successively Australian, Afrotropical, Neotropical and Nearctic. At species level, the relationship with other zoogeographical regions is successively Australian, Nearctic, Afrotropical and Neotropical. Ant species diversity is mainly controlled by air temperature and rainfall. Ant species richness increases with latitude decreasing and air temperature increasing from north to south. Ant species richness increases with longitude increasing and rainfall increasing from west to east. Based on vertical distribution information of Palearctic and Oriental species of Tibet, we proposed altitude 2750 m contour line as boundary division standard for the Palearctic and Oriental regions on south slope of Mt. Himalaya and in Southeast Tibet, which provided a reference foundation for the zoogeographical division of China. Vertical distribution of Formica candida Smith reached 5183 m, it is the highest record for ant vertical distribution in the world up to date.
From 1889 to 2020, foreign and domestic myrmecologists actually recorded 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 54 species of ants in Tibet. In this study, totally 183 species belonging to 10 subfamilies and 57 genera were recognized, extra 5 subfamilies, 35 genera and 129 species were supplemented comparing to predecessors’ surveys, the new record subfamilies are Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Dorylinae, Leptanillinae and Pseudomyrmecinae, which significantly enriched the ant fauna research of Tibet. The ant fauna of Tibet is a mixture of Palearctic and Oriental components, with Oriental component in predominant and Palearctic compoment relatively poor, and has definite relationship with other zoogeographical regions. At genera level, the relationship with other zoogeographical regions is successively Australian, Afrotropical, Neotropical and Nearctic. At species level, the relationship with other zoogeographical regions is successively Australian, Nearctic, Afrotropical and Neotropical. Ant species diversity is mainly controlled by air temperature and rainfall. Ant species richness increases with latitude decreasing and air temperature increasing from north to south. Ant species richness increases with longitude increasing and rainfall increasing from west to east. Based on vertical distribution information of Palearctic and Oriental species of Tibet, we proposed altitude 2750 m contour line as boundary division standard for the Palearctic and Oriental regions on south slope of Mt. Himalaya and in Southeast Tibet, which provided a reference foundation for the zoogeographical division of China. Vertical distribution of Formica candida Smith reached 5183 m, it is the highest record for ant vertical distribution in the world up to date.
2021, 41(1): 17-23.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201911016
Abstract：
The experiment of seedling density of Cunninghamia konishii was carried out with annual seedlings. The effects of seedling density on seedling growth dynamics, comprehensive performance and growth rhythm were analyzed by using the method of fixed plant observation and fitting seedling growth dynamics with Logistic equation. The results showed that the effects of seedling density on seedlings height, ground diameter growth appeared with the time after treatment, and it is a dynamic process. The effect of seedling density on seedling height and ground diameter of C. konishii is different. High seedling density had promoting effect on seedling height, but restraining effect on ground diameter. Seedling density significantly affected the seedlings height and ground diameter, the yield of first grade seedlings, qualified seedlings, and seedling comprehensive performance, the comprehensive performance appeared first increased and then decreased with the increase of seedling density. Logistic equation fitted well the growth of height and ground diameter of C. konishii seedling. Seedling density significantly affected the height and ground diameter growth rhythms of C. konishii seedlings, such as the linear beginning days, linear final days, linear growth duration, linear growth rate, maximum linear growth rate and total linear growth. High seedling density reduced seedling height and ground diameter linear growth final days, and shortened linear growth duration. Low seedling density significantly reduced total linear growth, linear growth rate and the maximum linear growth rate of seedling height, but significantly increased total linear growth of ground diameter. The CK significantly reduced total linear growth, linear growth rate and the maximum linear growth rate of ground diameter. It is important to adjust the nutrient supply of fast-growing stage according to the different seedling densities.
The experiment of seedling density of Cunninghamia konishii was carried out with annual seedlings. The effects of seedling density on seedling growth dynamics, comprehensive performance and growth rhythm were analyzed by using the method of fixed plant observation and fitting seedling growth dynamics with Logistic equation. The results showed that the effects of seedling density on seedlings height, ground diameter growth appeared with the time after treatment, and it is a dynamic process. The effect of seedling density on seedling height and ground diameter of C. konishii is different. High seedling density had promoting effect on seedling height, but restraining effect on ground diameter. Seedling density significantly affected the seedlings height and ground diameter, the yield of first grade seedlings, qualified seedlings, and seedling comprehensive performance, the comprehensive performance appeared first increased and then decreased with the increase of seedling density. Logistic equation fitted well the growth of height and ground diameter of C. konishii seedling. Seedling density significantly affected the height and ground diameter growth rhythms of C. konishii seedlings, such as the linear beginning days, linear final days, linear growth duration, linear growth rate, maximum linear growth rate and total linear growth. High seedling density reduced seedling height and ground diameter linear growth final days, and shortened linear growth duration. Low seedling density significantly reduced total linear growth, linear growth rate and the maximum linear growth rate of seedling height, but significantly increased total linear growth of ground diameter. The CK significantly reduced total linear growth, linear growth rate and the maximum linear growth rate of ground diameter. It is important to adjust the nutrient supply of fast-growing stage according to the different seedling densities.
2021, 41(1): 24-32.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201911040
Abstract：
The leaves and petioles of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings were used as research materials to induce callus. Then the growth, inoculation amount, pH and the concentration of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of the medium were optimized to establish a suspension cell culture system. It was found that the callus induction rate of petiole was up to 90.91% cultured on the WPM medium supplemented with 6 mg/L TDZ+5 mg/L 6−BA, while the rate for leaf was up to 87.5% cultured on the WPM supplemented with 6 mg/L TDZ. The loose callus was successfully induced on the the WPM medium supplemented with WPM+0.3 mg/L TDZ+1.5 mg/L 6−BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L IBA. The growth period of suspension cells was 18d. The fastest growth was found at 3% sugar, which increased 400% in fresh weight in a growth period. Higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were bad for the growth of the cells. A suspension cell culture system was established, which cells can be subcultured for generations.
The leaves and petioles of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings were used as research materials to induce callus. Then the growth, inoculation amount, pH and the concentration of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of the medium were optimized to establish a suspension cell culture system. It was found that the callus induction rate of petiole was up to 90.91% cultured on the WPM medium supplemented with 6 mg/L TDZ+5 mg/L 6−BA, while the rate for leaf was up to 87.5% cultured on the WPM supplemented with 6 mg/L TDZ. The loose callus was successfully induced on the the WPM medium supplemented with WPM+0.3 mg/L TDZ+1.5 mg/L 6−BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L IBA. The growth period of suspension cells was 18d. The fastest growth was found at 3% sugar, which increased 400% in fresh weight in a growth period. Higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were bad for the growth of the cells. A suspension cell culture system was established, which cells can be subcultured for generations.
2021, 41(1): 33-38.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201911023
Abstract：
In order to study the rooting effect of different plant growth regulators on shoot cuttings of Myricaria squamosa, one-year-old cuttings of M. squamosa in the same year were selected as the research object, adopted completely randomized design and the cuttings were treated with 3 kinds of plant growth regulators with different concentration gradients. The rooting rates and root related indexes under different treatments were compared and analyzed. The results showed that IBA could effectively improve the rooting rate and efficiency of M. squamosa in a short time, and the rooting rate under plant growth regulators was SA > IBA > CK > NAA. The number of roots of cuttings treated with NAA 50 mg/L was 16.68, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments. It can be seen that plant growth regulators have significant effect on softwood cuttings of M. squamosa, but the rooting effects of different growth regulators are different, and the concentration of IBA 50 mg/L has the best effect on the rooting of cuttings of M. squamosa.
In order to study the rooting effect of different plant growth regulators on shoot cuttings of Myricaria squamosa, one-year-old cuttings of M. squamosa in the same year were selected as the research object, adopted completely randomized design and the cuttings were treated with 3 kinds of plant growth regulators with different concentration gradients. The rooting rates and root related indexes under different treatments were compared and analyzed. The results showed that IBA could effectively improve the rooting rate and efficiency of M. squamosa in a short time, and the rooting rate under plant growth regulators was SA > IBA > CK > NAA. The number of roots of cuttings treated with NAA 50 mg/L was 16.68, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments. It can be seen that plant growth regulators have significant effect on softwood cuttings of M. squamosa, but the rooting effects of different growth regulators are different, and the concentration of IBA 50 mg/L has the best effect on the rooting of cuttings of M. squamosa.
2021, 41(1): 39-46.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201909020
Abstract：
In order to optimize and establish the SRAP−PCR system for Castanopsis wenchangensis, the combination of single factor test and orthogonal test were used to analysis the effects of DNA, primers, dNTPs and Taq DNA polymerase on SRAP−PCR. The results showed that the genomic DNA concentration and dNTPs concentration were too low or too high to amplify the product, and the increase of primer concentration and Taq DNA polymerase could increase the amplification efficiency. Within the appropriate concentration range, the order of influence on the SRAP−PCR system for C. wenchangensis was: primer = dNTPs > Taq > DNA. The optimal reaction system was: when the total system was 20 μL, the DNA 20 ng, the primer 0.6 μmol/L, the dNTPs 0.15 mmol/L and Taq 4 U. It has been verified that the amplification products obtained by this system were clear and stable, 45 pairs of effective primer combination polymorphisms were obtained by screening, which can be applied to the research of SRAP molecular marker in C. wenchangensis resources.
In order to optimize and establish the SRAP−PCR system for Castanopsis wenchangensis, the combination of single factor test and orthogonal test were used to analysis the effects of DNA, primers, dNTPs and Taq DNA polymerase on SRAP−PCR. The results showed that the genomic DNA concentration and dNTPs concentration were too low or too high to amplify the product, and the increase of primer concentration and Taq DNA polymerase could increase the amplification efficiency. Within the appropriate concentration range, the order of influence on the SRAP−PCR system for C. wenchangensis was: primer = dNTPs > Taq > DNA. The optimal reaction system was: when the total system was 20 μL, the DNA 20 ng, the primer 0.6 μmol/L, the dNTPs 0.15 mmol/L and Taq 4 U. It has been verified that the amplification products obtained by this system were clear and stable, 45 pairs of effective primer combination polymorphisms were obtained by screening, which can be applied to the research of SRAP molecular marker in C. wenchangensis resources.
2021, 41(1): 47-54.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201912009
Abstract：
Based on the 6-month-old Punica granatum 'Taishanhong' seedlings and cuttings, the effects of different concentrations of NaCl on the accumulation of reactive oxygen in root and leaves, the degree of membrane peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity were studied. The results showed that with the increase of salinity, the salt damage increased, the biomass per plant decreased, the O2•－ production rate and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) gradually increased; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and the content of glutathione (GSH) and soluble proteins increased. Research shows that under salt stress, reactive oxygen in the root and leaves of P. granatum accumulated, and cell membrane lipid peroxidation intensified, growth inhibited. Antioxidant enzymes, GSH and soluble proteins can alleviate oxidation toxicity to a certain degree, and the salt tolerance of cuttings better than seedlings. The research on salt tolerance of P. granatum 'Taishanhong' was conducted to provide basis for selection and breeding in saline-alkali regions.
Based on the 6-month-old Punica granatum 'Taishanhong' seedlings and cuttings, the effects of different concentrations of NaCl on the accumulation of reactive oxygen in root and leaves, the degree of membrane peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity were studied. The results showed that with the increase of salinity, the salt damage increased, the biomass per plant decreased, the O2•－ production rate and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) gradually increased; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and the content of glutathione (GSH) and soluble proteins increased. Research shows that under salt stress, reactive oxygen in the root and leaves of P. granatum accumulated, and cell membrane lipid peroxidation intensified, growth inhibited. Antioxidant enzymes, GSH and soluble proteins can alleviate oxidation toxicity to a certain degree, and the salt tolerance of cuttings better than seedlings. The research on salt tolerance of P. granatum 'Taishanhong' was conducted to provide basis for selection and breeding in saline-alkali regions.
2021, 41(1): 55-61.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201909051
Abstract：
Abies georgei var. smithii from the Yulong Snow Mountain in Northwest Yunnan was selected to study the response of needle photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation to different altitudes. The results showed that the instantaneous maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency（PNUE）and long-term nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) reached the top value at the altitude of 3500 m. The δ13C value of needles decreased firstly and then increased with the increasing altitude, it reached the highest level at the altitude of 3700 m. On the other hand, the contents of C, N, P per unit needle area also increased to the maximum, while the stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) reduced to the lowest level at the altitude of 3700 m. The altitude of 3550 m is the most suitable growth area for A. georgei var. smithii. Although the altitude below 3550 m has no obvious negative effect on this tree species, the photosynthetic intensity, needle nutrient contents and nitrogen use efficiency just reached the middle levels. However, the altitude above 3550 m may restrict the growth and development of A. georgei var. smithii, but at the same time, it can adapt to the harsh environment of high altitude by adjusting the nutrient metabolism and improving the water use efficiency.
Abies georgei var. smithii from the Yulong Snow Mountain in Northwest Yunnan was selected to study the response of needle photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation to different altitudes. The results showed that the instantaneous maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency（PNUE）and long-term nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) reached the top value at the altitude of 3500 m. The δ13C value of needles decreased firstly and then increased with the increasing altitude, it reached the highest level at the altitude of 3700 m. On the other hand, the contents of C, N, P per unit needle area also increased to the maximum, while the stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) reduced to the lowest level at the altitude of 3700 m. The altitude of 3550 m is the most suitable growth area for A. georgei var. smithii. Although the altitude below 3550 m has no obvious negative effect on this tree species, the photosynthetic intensity, needle nutrient contents and nitrogen use efficiency just reached the middle levels. However, the altitude above 3550 m may restrict the growth and development of A. georgei var. smithii, but at the same time, it can adapt to the harsh environment of high altitude by adjusting the nutrient metabolism and improving the water use efficiency.
2021, 41(1): 62-69.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201909072
Abstract：
To screen the endophytic fungi with antifungal effect, the tissue isolation and confrontation culture were used to study the diversity of endophytic fungi in the young fruit of Vaccinium ashei and their antifungal effects on 6 kinds of plant pathogenic fungi. The results showed that 25 endophytic fungi were isolated from the young fruit of V. ashei, and the 25 strains were divided into 12 genera and 19 species by blastn analysis using rDNA−ITS sequence, with similarity of 97% −100%. Among them, there were 9 genera, 14 species and 20 strains of Ascomycota. Basidiomycota have 5 species and 3 genera. Diaporthe are the dominant genus of Ascomycota, accounting for 25% of the Ascomycota. The Shannon−Wiener diversity index H, Pielou index J and Margalef index R were 2.2870, 0.9203 and 3.4173 respectively. Among the 25 strains of endophytic fungi in the young fruit of V. ashei, the inhibition rate of Schizophyllum strain G6 against 5 kinds of pathogenic fungi was more than 40%, and that of G18 against 4 kinds of pathogenic fungi was more than 45%, showing good inhibition effect.
To screen the endophytic fungi with antifungal effect, the tissue isolation and confrontation culture were used to study the diversity of endophytic fungi in the young fruit of Vaccinium ashei and their antifungal effects on 6 kinds of plant pathogenic fungi. The results showed that 25 endophytic fungi were isolated from the young fruit of V. ashei, and the 25 strains were divided into 12 genera and 19 species by blastn analysis using rDNA−ITS sequence, with similarity of 97% −100%. Among them, there were 9 genera, 14 species and 20 strains of Ascomycota. Basidiomycota have 5 species and 3 genera. Diaporthe are the dominant genus of Ascomycota, accounting for 25% of the Ascomycota. The Shannon−Wiener diversity index H, Pielou index J and Margalef index R were 2.2870, 0.9203 and 3.4173 respectively. Among the 25 strains of endophytic fungi in the young fruit of V. ashei, the inhibition rate of Schizophyllum strain G6 against 5 kinds of pathogenic fungi was more than 40%, and that of G18 against 4 kinds of pathogenic fungi was more than 45%, showing good inhibition effect.
2021, 41(1): 70-77.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201911061
Abstract：
Based on Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technologies of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequence, the composition and diversity of soil fungi community of old tree and famous wood species of 3 growth vigor about normal, frail and endangered in Dongguan were analyzed. A total of 11293 OTUs were obtained. The soil of 3 growing types of old tree and famous wood species contained a large number of unknown fungi. Among the known fungal species, Sordariomycetes, Agaricomycetes and Eurotiomycetes are dominant class. The distribution of the latter in the soil of 3 growing types of old tree and famous wood species were significantly different. The results of α diversity analysis showed that the index of abundance of fungi community (Ace index) of well-established ancient and famous trees (normal growth group) was significantly lower than that of unhealthy old trees (declining group and endangered group). The β diversity analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the composition of soil fungal communities in old tree and famous wood species with different growth potentials (R=−0.081, P=0.889). The growth, health status and growth environment of ancient trees have certain influence on the composition and diversity of soil fungal communities.
Based on Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technologies of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequence, the composition and diversity of soil fungi community of old tree and famous wood species of 3 growth vigor about normal, frail and endangered in Dongguan were analyzed. A total of 11293 OTUs were obtained. The soil of 3 growing types of old tree and famous wood species contained a large number of unknown fungi. Among the known fungal species, Sordariomycetes, Agaricomycetes and Eurotiomycetes are dominant class. The distribution of the latter in the soil of 3 growing types of old tree and famous wood species were significantly different. The results of α diversity analysis showed that the index of abundance of fungi community (Ace index) of well-established ancient and famous trees (normal growth group) was significantly lower than that of unhealthy old trees (declining group and endangered group). The β diversity analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the composition of soil fungal communities in old tree and famous wood species with different growth potentials (R=−0.081, P=0.889). The growth, health status and growth environment of ancient trees have certain influence on the composition and diversity of soil fungal communities.
2021, 41(1): 78-84.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201909057
Abstract：
From July 2018 to May 2019, 31 sample points including 28 samples of Dianchi lakeside and 3 samples of urban waterfront park were investigated monthly for species richness of wetland birds and land cover factors. Taking the land cover parameters that significantly affect the species richness of wetland birds as the single factor index of habitat suitability index (HSI), the HSI model is further constructed to calculate the habitat suitability index (HSI) of wetland birds for various points, and the HSIt was classified by single factor cluster analysis. The results show that among the samples in the lakeside of Dianchi Lake, the HSIt of Dongdahe is significantly higher than that of other samples, which is extremely high, and the clustering mean of HSIt of other samples is less than 0.6, which can be divided into 7 high, 10 middle and 10 low suitable areas. Among the 3 samples of urban waterfront park, except for Cuihu, which is a low suitable area, the HSIt of Lianhuachi and Zhuantang are significantly lower than that of other sample points, which is extremely low.
From July 2018 to May 2019, 31 sample points including 28 samples of Dianchi lakeside and 3 samples of urban waterfront park were investigated monthly for species richness of wetland birds and land cover factors. Taking the land cover parameters that significantly affect the species richness of wetland birds as the single factor index of habitat suitability index (HSI), the HSI model is further constructed to calculate the habitat suitability index (HSI) of wetland birds for various points, and the HSIt was classified by single factor cluster analysis. The results show that among the samples in the lakeside of Dianchi Lake, the HSIt of Dongdahe is significantly higher than that of other samples, which is extremely high, and the clustering mean of HSIt of other samples is less than 0.6, which can be divided into 7 high, 10 middle and 10 low suitable areas. Among the 3 samples of urban waterfront park, except for Cuihu, which is a low suitable area, the HSIt of Lianhuachi and Zhuantang are significantly lower than that of other sample points, which is extremely low.
Abstract：
For the purpose of researching the effects of different exogenous P inputs on the secretion of hydrocarbons from Typha angustifolia roots under As contaminated sediment condition, adopting indoor soil simulation experiments to determine the effects of different exogenous P inputs on the types and concentrations of hydrocarbons in the roots of T. angustifolia under As contaminated sediment. The results showed that the exogenous P input significantly promoted the types and concentrations of hydrocarbons secreted by the roots of T. angustifolia under the As contaminated sediment; the common hydrocarbons in the roots of T. angustifolia were dominated by simple chain normal alkanes, while the special hydrocarbons was centered on the chain branched paraffins; the high concentration of exogenous P input had the most significant effect on the concentration of hydrocarbons under the As contaminated sediment condition; the types and concentration of hydrocarbons presented significantly positive relationship between plant root As concentration and root tolerance.
For the purpose of researching the effects of different exogenous P inputs on the secretion of hydrocarbons from Typha angustifolia roots under As contaminated sediment condition, adopting indoor soil simulation experiments to determine the effects of different exogenous P inputs on the types and concentrations of hydrocarbons in the roots of T. angustifolia under As contaminated sediment. The results showed that the exogenous P input significantly promoted the types and concentrations of hydrocarbons secreted by the roots of T. angustifolia under the As contaminated sediment; the common hydrocarbons in the roots of T. angustifolia were dominated by simple chain normal alkanes, while the special hydrocarbons was centered on the chain branched paraffins; the high concentration of exogenous P input had the most significant effect on the concentration of hydrocarbons under the As contaminated sediment condition; the types and concentration of hydrocarbons presented significantly positive relationship between plant root As concentration and root tolerance.
2021, 41(1): 94-99.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201912015
Abstract：
The detection and analysis of aroma components of 5 high-bush blueberry cultivars in Guizhou were carried out by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (HS−SPME/GC−MS). The results showed that the types and contents of aroma substances varied greatly among varieties, among which 'O'Neal', 'Misty', 'Duck', 'Sharpblue' and 'Bluerain' contained 33, 35, 37, 30 and 32 ingredients respectively. The main aroma substances of 'O′Neal' are esters. The main aroma substances in 'Misty' are alcohols and aldehydes. The main aroma substances in 'Duck' and 'Bluerain' are benzene rings substances and alcohols. The main aroma substances in 'Sharpblue' are benzene ring substances and ester substances. Among them, the total aroma content of 'O'Neal' is the highest, which is 167 321.90 ng/g, whereas that of 'Bluerain' is the lowest, only 25 973.22 ng/g.
The detection and analysis of aroma components of 5 high-bush blueberry cultivars in Guizhou were carried out by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (HS−SPME/GC−MS). The results showed that the types and contents of aroma substances varied greatly among varieties, among which 'O'Neal', 'Misty', 'Duck', 'Sharpblue' and 'Bluerain' contained 33, 35, 37, 30 and 32 ingredients respectively. The main aroma substances of 'O′Neal' are esters. The main aroma substances in 'Misty' are alcohols and aldehydes. The main aroma substances in 'Duck' and 'Bluerain' are benzene rings substances and alcohols. The main aroma substances in 'Sharpblue' are benzene ring substances and ester substances. Among them, the total aroma content of 'O'Neal' is the highest, which is 167 321.90 ng/g, whereas that of 'Bluerain' is the lowest, only 25 973.22 ng/g.
2021, 41(1): 100-109.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.202004053
Abstract：
Juglans regia green husk inhibitor was prepared from forestry and agricultural residue of walnut green husk by using the extraction solvent of ethanol water solution. The synergistic inhibition effect of walnut green husk inhibitor and nonionic surfactant of polyethylene glycol mono-(p) octyl phenyl ether (OP) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in dichloroacetic acid (Cl2HCCOOH) solution was studied by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectra and scanning electron microscope methods. Effects of composite inhibitors concentrations, temperature, immersion time and dichloroacetic acid concentration on synergistic inhibition performance were discussed in detail. The results show that J. regia green husk inhibitor exhibits moderate inhibition with the maximum inhibition efficiency (ηw) of 200 mg/L is 65%, and OP acts as a poor inhibitor with the maximum inhibition efficiency (ηw) of only 40%. However, incorporation of J. regia green husk inhibitor with OP can obtain better inhibitive performance, and the maximum inhibition efficiency (ηw) is higher than 93%. There is a strong synergistic inhibition effect for J. regia green husk inhibitor and OP. The synergistic performance increases with the increase of J. regia green husk inhibitor concentration, immersion time and acid concentration in general, while decreases with an increase of temperature in general. The adsorption of J. regia green husk inhibitor, OP or J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP on steel/Cl2HCCOOH interface follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the adsorption equilibrium constant increases for the composite inhibitors. The standard adsorption Gibbs free energy value for J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP is −28.2 kJ/mol. Either J. regia green husk inhibitor or OP is a cathodic inhibitor, while the mixture of walnut green husk inhibitor/OP acts as a mixed-type inhibitor that more efficiently retards both cathodic and anodic reactions. Nyquist spectrum exhibits a depressed capacitive loop, and the presence of J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP significantly increases the charge transfer resistance. Scanning electron microscope clearly confirms J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP can efficiently alleviate the corrosion degree of steel surface.
Juglans regia green husk inhibitor was prepared from forestry and agricultural residue of walnut green husk by using the extraction solvent of ethanol water solution. The synergistic inhibition effect of walnut green husk inhibitor and nonionic surfactant of polyethylene glycol mono-(p) octyl phenyl ether (OP) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in dichloroacetic acid (Cl2HCCOOH) solution was studied by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectra and scanning electron microscope methods. Effects of composite inhibitors concentrations, temperature, immersion time and dichloroacetic acid concentration on synergistic inhibition performance were discussed in detail. The results show that J. regia green husk inhibitor exhibits moderate inhibition with the maximum inhibition efficiency (ηw) of 200 mg/L is 65%, and OP acts as a poor inhibitor with the maximum inhibition efficiency (ηw) of only 40%. However, incorporation of J. regia green husk inhibitor with OP can obtain better inhibitive performance, and the maximum inhibition efficiency (ηw) is higher than 93%. There is a strong synergistic inhibition effect for J. regia green husk inhibitor and OP. The synergistic performance increases with the increase of J. regia green husk inhibitor concentration, immersion time and acid concentration in general, while decreases with an increase of temperature in general. The adsorption of J. regia green husk inhibitor, OP or J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP on steel/Cl2HCCOOH interface follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the adsorption equilibrium constant increases for the composite inhibitors. The standard adsorption Gibbs free energy value for J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP is −28.2 kJ/mol. Either J. regia green husk inhibitor or OP is a cathodic inhibitor, while the mixture of walnut green husk inhibitor/OP acts as a mixed-type inhibitor that more efficiently retards both cathodic and anodic reactions. Nyquist spectrum exhibits a depressed capacitive loop, and the presence of J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP significantly increases the charge transfer resistance. Scanning electron microscope clearly confirms J. regia green husk inhibitor/OP can efficiently alleviate the corrosion degree of steel surface.
2021, 41(1): 110-117.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201909019
Abstract：
The volatile oils in the heartwoods of Cunninghamia lanceolata clones collected from Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province were extracted and analyzed to clarify the composition characteristics and content differences of volatile components in different clones. The carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction method was used to extract volatile oils, which were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC−MS), respectively. It was found that the yields of volatile oils from the heartwoods of 'Kaihua 3', 'Kaihua 13', 'F24x Na1−1' and 'Daba 8' clones planted in 1998, and 'Kaihua 3' clone planted in 1993 were 1.34%, 1.26%, 1.04%, 1.45% and 1.33%, respectively. Among them, the yield of volatile oil in 'Daba 8' heartwood was the highest. A total of 71 volatile components including 53 kinds of terpenes, 12 kinds of terpene alcohols, 4 kinds of terpene esters, and 2 kinds of the others were identified from the 5 samples of 4 clones, and the 31 compounds are common ones. Among 'Kaihua 3' planted in 1993, 'Kaihua 3', 'Kaihua 13', 'F24x Na1−1' and 'Daba 8' planted in 1998, 48, 48, 52, 52 and 50 volatile components were identified, respectively. The main components in 5 samples were cedarol, α−cobaene, β−caryophyllene and manool, and the content of cedrol was the highest in all samples. The terpenes and terpene alcohols with the higher contents should be the prime fragrance source of the C. lanceolata, but the some differences on the composition and content differences of volatile components in different clones. According to the results from principal component analysis, the 'Kaihua 3' planted in 1993, 'Kaihua 3' and 'Kaihua 13' planted in 1998 were grouped in the same category due to the similarity of the composition and contents of volatile components, and the 'F24x Na1−1' and 'Daba 8' were divided into the other 2 different categories.
The volatile oils in the heartwoods of Cunninghamia lanceolata clones collected from Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province were extracted and analyzed to clarify the composition characteristics and content differences of volatile components in different clones. The carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction method was used to extract volatile oils, which were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC−MS), respectively. It was found that the yields of volatile oils from the heartwoods of 'Kaihua 3', 'Kaihua 13', 'F24x Na1−1' and 'Daba 8' clones planted in 1998, and 'Kaihua 3' clone planted in 1993 were 1.34%, 1.26%, 1.04%, 1.45% and 1.33%, respectively. Among them, the yield of volatile oil in 'Daba 8' heartwood was the highest. A total of 71 volatile components including 53 kinds of terpenes, 12 kinds of terpene alcohols, 4 kinds of terpene esters, and 2 kinds of the others were identified from the 5 samples of 4 clones, and the 31 compounds are common ones. Among 'Kaihua 3' planted in 1993, 'Kaihua 3', 'Kaihua 13', 'F24x Na1−1' and 'Daba 8' planted in 1998, 48, 48, 52, 52 and 50 volatile components were identified, respectively. The main components in 5 samples were cedarol, α−cobaene, β−caryophyllene and manool, and the content of cedrol was the highest in all samples. The terpenes and terpene alcohols with the higher contents should be the prime fragrance source of the C. lanceolata, but the some differences on the composition and content differences of volatile components in different clones. According to the results from principal component analysis, the 'Kaihua 3' planted in 1993, 'Kaihua 3' and 'Kaihua 13' planted in 1998 were grouped in the same category due to the similarity of the composition and contents of volatile components, and the 'F24x Na1−1' and 'Daba 8' were divided into the other 2 different categories.
2021, 41(1): 118-124.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.202004045
Abstract：
Taking the stem analysis data of 3 dominant species in 96 spruce-fir stands as an example, 2 commonly used taper equation are selected to construct taper equation of Pinus koraiensis, Abies fabri and Piceaasperata based on mixed effects models, the result will compare and verify the accuracy with that of the traditional method based on the verification data. The result shows the value of AIC, BIC, and −2logL are obviously decreased after considered the mixed effect model method, which indicates that the simulation effect of mixed model is higher than that of the traditional model. Three indexes of correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and determining average residual error, are used to compare the accuracy of taper equation, both the accuracy of simulation data and validation data all support above mentioned conclusion. The accuracy of the Max et al. segmented taper equation of 2 inflection points in simulation and verification is higher than that of Kozak et al. simple taper equation.
Taking the stem analysis data of 3 dominant species in 96 spruce-fir stands as an example, 2 commonly used taper equation are selected to construct taper equation of Pinus koraiensis, Abies fabri and Piceaasperata based on mixed effects models, the result will compare and verify the accuracy with that of the traditional method based on the verification data. The result shows the value of AIC, BIC, and −2logL are obviously decreased after considered the mixed effect model method, which indicates that the simulation effect of mixed model is higher than that of the traditional model. Three indexes of correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and determining average residual error, are used to compare the accuracy of taper equation, both the accuracy of simulation data and validation data all support above mentioned conclusion. The accuracy of the Max et al. segmented taper equation of 2 inflection points in simulation and verification is higher than that of Kozak et al. simple taper equation.
2021, 41(1): 125-132.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201912037
Abstract：
To clear the minimum sampling size of 2 types of typical alpine meadows, i.e., the mesophyte meadow and wet meadow, in Shangri-La a field survey was conducted in August 2019. Seven models were used to fit species-area curve data that obtained from filed investigations. Then the best model was selected to estimate the minimum sampling size for the species richness of plant community, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and other forbs in the mesophyte meadow and wet meadow, respectively. The results showed that the species-area curves of the whole plant community, Gramineae, Compositae and other forbs could be best fitted by unsaturated models, while the species-area curves of Cyperaceae could be best fitted by saturated models. For the mesophyte meadow in Shangri-La, the minimum sampling size for the whole plant community, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and other forbs was 72.7, 9.0, 0.16, 22.3 m2 and 53.2 m2, respectively. For the wet meadow, the minimum sampling size for the whole plant community, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and other forbs was 80.5, 3.7, 2.25, 25.2 m2 and 51.4 m2, respectively.
To clear the minimum sampling size of 2 types of typical alpine meadows, i.e., the mesophyte meadow and wet meadow, in Shangri-La a field survey was conducted in August 2019. Seven models were used to fit species-area curve data that obtained from filed investigations. Then the best model was selected to estimate the minimum sampling size for the species richness of plant community, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and other forbs in the mesophyte meadow and wet meadow, respectively. The results showed that the species-area curves of the whole plant community, Gramineae, Compositae and other forbs could be best fitted by unsaturated models, while the species-area curves of Cyperaceae could be best fitted by saturated models. For the mesophyte meadow in Shangri-La, the minimum sampling size for the whole plant community, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and other forbs was 72.7, 9.0, 0.16, 22.3 m2 and 53.2 m2, respectively. For the wet meadow, the minimum sampling size for the whole plant community, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and other forbs was 80.5, 3.7, 2.25, 25.2 m2 and 51.4 m2, respectively.
2021, 41(1): 133-139.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.202002044
Abstract：
Based on the MODIS−NDVI time series data set from 2000 to 2019, this paper uses trend analysis, coefficient of variation, and R/S analysis to reveal the spatio-temporal characteristics of NDVI during the vegetation growing season of the Zoige Plateau. The results show that in the past 20 years the NDVI in the vegetation growing season of 87.45% of the Zoige Plateau showed an improvement, of which 64.70% showed a significant improvement and 22.75% showed a slight improvement. The average coefficient of variation of NDVI in the vegetation growing season is 0.186 5. Overall, the NDVI in the vegetation growing season of the Zoige Plateau from 2000 to 2019 has a moderate fluctuation state. The proportion of the medium change state grade is 33.70%, followed by the proportion of the lower fluctuation grade is 33.14%. The average Hurst index of NDVI in the vegetation growing season was 0.437 2, showing a weak anti-sustained state as a whole, with a weak anti-sustained ratio of 77.43% and a weak sustained ratio of 21.50%.
Based on the MODIS−NDVI time series data set from 2000 to 2019, this paper uses trend analysis, coefficient of variation, and R/S analysis to reveal the spatio-temporal characteristics of NDVI during the vegetation growing season of the Zoige Plateau. The results show that in the past 20 years the NDVI in the vegetation growing season of 87.45% of the Zoige Plateau showed an improvement, of which 64.70% showed a significant improvement and 22.75% showed a slight improvement. The average coefficient of variation of NDVI in the vegetation growing season is 0.186 5. Overall, the NDVI in the vegetation growing season of the Zoige Plateau from 2000 to 2019 has a moderate fluctuation state. The proportion of the medium change state grade is 33.70%, followed by the proportion of the lower fluctuation grade is 33.14%. The average Hurst index of NDVI in the vegetation growing season was 0.437 2, showing a weak anti-sustained state as a whole, with a weak anti-sustained ratio of 77.43% and a weak sustained ratio of 21.50%.
2021, 41(1): 140-149.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.202005034
Abstract：
This paper uses land use transfer matrix, dynamic degree and landscape pattern index, reveals the land use and landscape dynamic changes in the coastal zone of Yancheng in the past 15 years, and explore their driving force factors. The results showed that during the entire study period, the proportion of each landscape area was farmlands > wetlands > tidal flats > forestlands > oceans > residential areas. The proportion of natural landscapes in the study area has been decreasing year by year, while the proportion of artificial landscapes has continued to rise. This is mainly manifested by the gradual decreased area of natural tidal flats, and the increased area of farmlands, wetlands (mainly constructed wetland such as fish ponds and salt fields), and residential areas. The area of tidal flats has changed the most, with a decrease of 292.4 km2. The disorderly expansion of artificial landscapes such as wetlands, forestlands, farmlands, and residential areas have led to increased fragmentation of their types of horizontal landscapes, increased boundary fragmentation, and increased landscape complexity, which in turn led to the landscape level pattern index of the entire Yancheng coastal zone. The fragmentation of the landscape has increased, the overall shape of the landscape has become more complex, the diversity of the landscape has declined, and the distribution has become uneven. Correlation analysis shows that the area of tidal flats, farmlands, and residential areas are mainly driven by social and economic factors, and the areas of wetlands, oceans, and forestlands are driven by natural factors.
This paper uses land use transfer matrix, dynamic degree and landscape pattern index, reveals the land use and landscape dynamic changes in the coastal zone of Yancheng in the past 15 years, and explore their driving force factors. The results showed that during the entire study period, the proportion of each landscape area was farmlands > wetlands > tidal flats > forestlands > oceans > residential areas. The proportion of natural landscapes in the study area has been decreasing year by year, while the proportion of artificial landscapes has continued to rise. This is mainly manifested by the gradual decreased area of natural tidal flats, and the increased area of farmlands, wetlands (mainly constructed wetland such as fish ponds and salt fields), and residential areas. The area of tidal flats has changed the most, with a decrease of 292.4 km2. The disorderly expansion of artificial landscapes such as wetlands, forestlands, farmlands, and residential areas have led to increased fragmentation of their types of horizontal landscapes, increased boundary fragmentation, and increased landscape complexity, which in turn led to the landscape level pattern index of the entire Yancheng coastal zone. The fragmentation of the landscape has increased, the overall shape of the landscape has become more complex, the diversity of the landscape has declined, and the distribution has become uneven. Correlation analysis shows that the area of tidal flats, farmlands, and residential areas are mainly driven by social and economic factors, and the areas of wetlands, oceans, and forestlands are driven by natural factors.
2021, 41(1): 150-154.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201910012
Abstract：
Previous researches showed that both females and males of Cephalica chuxiongnica (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) could be attracted by crude extracts of Pinus yunnanensis needles. The taxis responses of C. chuxiongnica to the main volatile constituents of P. yunnanensis needle extract were tested in laboratory with Y-tube olfactometer, and the attractive activities of volatile constituents of P. yunnanensis needles extract to the C. chuxiongnica was analyzed. The findings indicated that the females exhibited significant tendency to (−)−β−pinene, myrene and β−caryophyllene, and males showed significant tendency to (+)−α−pinene, (−)−β−pinene and β−caryophyllene. (−)−β−pinene, myrene, and β−caryophyllene all captured a certain amount of females. (−)−β−pinene, myrene, β−caryophyllene, (+)−α−pinene and (+)−limonene captured significantly more males than females.
Previous researches showed that both females and males of Cephalica chuxiongnica (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) could be attracted by crude extracts of Pinus yunnanensis needles. The taxis responses of C. chuxiongnica to the main volatile constituents of P. yunnanensis needle extract were tested in laboratory with Y-tube olfactometer, and the attractive activities of volatile constituents of P. yunnanensis needles extract to the C. chuxiongnica was analyzed. The findings indicated that the females exhibited significant tendency to (−)−β−pinene, myrene and β−caryophyllene, and males showed significant tendency to (+)−α−pinene, (−)−β−pinene and β−caryophyllene. (−)−β−pinene, myrene, and β−caryophyllene all captured a certain amount of females. (−)−β−pinene, myrene, β−caryophyllene, (+)−α−pinene and (+)−limonene captured significantly more males than females.
2021, 41(1): 155-160.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.202004018
Abstract：
Eighty two years dark-brown heart Cunningham lanceolate from Hunan Province was selected and the anatomy, physical and mechanical properties were investigated, then the wood quality was also assessed. The results showed that mean growth ring width and heart wood ratio were 1.1 mm and 60.7%. The average tracheid length and width were 3182 μm and 41.93 μm, and the ratio of length to width was 75.04. The mean microfiber angle in wood cell wall was 13.18°. Basic density and air-dried density of dark-brown heart C. lanceolate were 0.432 g/cm3 and 0.509 g/cm3, respectively. Dark-brown heart C. lanceolate showed relatively lower shrinkage and swelling than other reported softwood. The compression strength parallel to the grain, static bending strength and bending modulus of elastic were 69.13, 106.34 MPa and 9.69 GPa, respectively. Dark-brown heart C. lanceolate could been classified into high strength grade and showed significant higher wood quality coefficient than other common precious wood species used in architectural structure and decoration. Radial patterns of wood anatomy suggested that the boundary between the juvenile and mature wood of dark−brown heart C. lanceolate was at the age of 15−20 years.
Eighty two years dark-brown heart Cunningham lanceolate from Hunan Province was selected and the anatomy, physical and mechanical properties were investigated, then the wood quality was also assessed. The results showed that mean growth ring width and heart wood ratio were 1.1 mm and 60.7%. The average tracheid length and width were 3182 μm and 41.93 μm, and the ratio of length to width was 75.04. The mean microfiber angle in wood cell wall was 13.18°. Basic density and air-dried density of dark-brown heart C. lanceolate were 0.432 g/cm3 and 0.509 g/cm3, respectively. Dark-brown heart C. lanceolate showed relatively lower shrinkage and swelling than other reported softwood. The compression strength parallel to the grain, static bending strength and bending modulus of elastic were 69.13, 106.34 MPa and 9.69 GPa, respectively. Dark-brown heart C. lanceolate could been classified into high strength grade and showed significant higher wood quality coefficient than other common precious wood species used in architectural structure and decoration. Radial patterns of wood anatomy suggested that the boundary between the juvenile and mature wood of dark−brown heart C. lanceolate was at the age of 15−20 years.
2021, 41(1): 161-166.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201911030
Abstract：
In this study, alkali treatment was used to extract the fibers of Neosinocalamus affinis leaves. The effects of sodium hydroxide concentration, solid-liquid ratio, time and temperature on the extraction rate of dietary fiber from N. affinis were studied with single factor and orthogonal test, the optimal extraction technology of dietary fiber from N. affinis leaves was screened out, and the insoluble and soluble dietary fiber in bamboo leaf fiber were analyzed. The results showed that the content of crude fiber in bamboo leaf fiber increased with the increase of sodium hydroxide concentration. When the concentration of sodium hydroxide reached 10%, the highest content of crude fiber was 75.87%. When the solid-liquid ratio is 1∶15, the highest content of crude fiber is 76.37%. When the extraction time was 18 hours, the highest content of crude fiber was 76.20%; with the increase of temperature, the content of crude fiber in the extracted bamboo leaf fiber increased gradually, reaching the maximum of 75.93% at 40 ℃. The optimal extraction technology of N. affinis leaf fiber was A2B2C1D3, that was, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (10%), the solid-liquid ratio (1∶15), the extraction time (17 h), and the temperature (42 ℃). The concentration of sodium hydroxide, the solid-liquid ratio, temperature and time had extremely significant differences on the extraction rate of dietary fiber from N. affinis. With the optimal extraction technology, the extraction rate of N. affinis leaf fiber was (34.58±0.29)%, the crude fiber was (82.27±0.35)%, the soluble dietary fiber was (12.86±0.26)%, and the insoluble dietary fiber was (76.11±0.44)%. It was found that N. affinis is a new type of fiber source with development potential.
In this study, alkali treatment was used to extract the fibers of Neosinocalamus affinis leaves. The effects of sodium hydroxide concentration, solid-liquid ratio, time and temperature on the extraction rate of dietary fiber from N. affinis were studied with single factor and orthogonal test, the optimal extraction technology of dietary fiber from N. affinis leaves was screened out, and the insoluble and soluble dietary fiber in bamboo leaf fiber were analyzed. The results showed that the content of crude fiber in bamboo leaf fiber increased with the increase of sodium hydroxide concentration. When the concentration of sodium hydroxide reached 10%, the highest content of crude fiber was 75.87%. When the solid-liquid ratio is 1∶15, the highest content of crude fiber is 76.37%. When the extraction time was 18 hours, the highest content of crude fiber was 76.20%; with the increase of temperature, the content of crude fiber in the extracted bamboo leaf fiber increased gradually, reaching the maximum of 75.93% at 40 ℃. The optimal extraction technology of N. affinis leaf fiber was A2B2C1D3, that was, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (10%), the solid-liquid ratio (1∶15), the extraction time (17 h), and the temperature (42 ℃). The concentration of sodium hydroxide, the solid-liquid ratio, temperature and time had extremely significant differences on the extraction rate of dietary fiber from N. affinis. With the optimal extraction technology, the extraction rate of N. affinis leaf fiber was (34.58±0.29)%, the crude fiber was (82.27±0.35)%, the soluble dietary fiber was (12.86±0.26)%, and the insoluble dietary fiber was (76.11±0.44)%. It was found that N. affinis is a new type of fiber source with development potential.
2021, 41(1): 167-173.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.202004070
Abstract：
The mashed Rhus chinensis root was extracted by ultrasound for 50 min with 80% methanol according to the ratio of 1∶50 g/mL. The extract was centrifuged and filtered with 0.22 μm filter membrane for chromatographic separation. An ACQUIT UPLC HSS T3 column was used as the stationary phase. The mobile phase was methanol combined with 50 mmol/L citrate solution as modifier in the gradient elution mode. The detection potental was 600 mV. The samples from 11 regions were tested and analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The findings indicated that the concentration of gallic acid, sakakin, (−)−epigallocatechin, methyl gallate, desmosol, (−)−epigallocatechin gallate, ethyl gallate, (−)−epicatechin gallate and 1,2,3,4,6−O−pentagalloylucose were linear correlated with peak areas, and the correlation coefficient were greater than 0.999. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were carried out on the data of the samples from 11 regions, both can divid the samples into 3 categories. The established method can provide basis for improving the quality standard and strengthening the quality control of R. chinensis.
The mashed Rhus chinensis root was extracted by ultrasound for 50 min with 80% methanol according to the ratio of 1∶50 g/mL. The extract was centrifuged and filtered with 0.22 μm filter membrane for chromatographic separation. An ACQUIT UPLC HSS T3 column was used as the stationary phase. The mobile phase was methanol combined with 50 mmol/L citrate solution as modifier in the gradient elution mode. The detection potental was 600 mV. The samples from 11 regions were tested and analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The findings indicated that the concentration of gallic acid, sakakin, (−)−epigallocatechin, methyl gallate, desmosol, (−)−epigallocatechin gallate, ethyl gallate, (−)−epicatechin gallate and 1,2,3,4,6−O−pentagalloylucose were linear correlated with peak areas, and the correlation coefficient were greater than 0.999. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were carried out on the data of the samples from 11 regions, both can divid the samples into 3 categories. The established method can provide basis for improving the quality standard and strengthening the quality control of R. chinensis.
2021, 41(1): 174-182.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201911041
Abstract：
Furfuryl alcohol is prepared from corn and wheat processing residues. The stable furan ring structure and hydroxymethyl make furfuryl alcohol have better heat and water resistance and high activity, which makes it widely used in the preparation of biomass materials. Furfuryl alcohol was used to prepare wood adhesive and to study the modification of wood, which can effectively improve the high value utilization rate of wood. This paper mainly introduces the current situation of furfuryl alcohol resources, the chemical structure, the process and properties of self-polycondensation reaction of furfuryl alcohol or co-polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol with tannin, lignin and urea. The principle of modification of wood and bamboo with furfuryl alcohol resin prepared by self-polycondensation and the research status of furfuryl alcohol resin in the field of wood and bamboo modification were analyzed. Furthermore, the prospect of effective utilization of furfuryl alcohol resin for wood was put forward, which provides a new idea for further study of furfuryl alcohol in wood industry.
Furfuryl alcohol is prepared from corn and wheat processing residues. The stable furan ring structure and hydroxymethyl make furfuryl alcohol have better heat and water resistance and high activity, which makes it widely used in the preparation of biomass materials. Furfuryl alcohol was used to prepare wood adhesive and to study the modification of wood, which can effectively improve the high value utilization rate of wood. This paper mainly introduces the current situation of furfuryl alcohol resources, the chemical structure, the process and properties of self-polycondensation reaction of furfuryl alcohol or co-polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol with tannin, lignin and urea. The principle of modification of wood and bamboo with furfuryl alcohol resin prepared by self-polycondensation and the research status of furfuryl alcohol resin in the field of wood and bamboo modification were analyzed. Furthermore, the prospect of effective utilization of furfuryl alcohol resin for wood was put forward, which provides a new idea for further study of furfuryl alcohol in wood industry.
2021, 41(1): 183-187.
DOI: 10.11929/j.swfu.201908007
Abstract：
Plant phenotypic plasticity is the different phenotypic characteristics of the same genotype affected by different environments. It is a trade-offbetween plant traits and heterogeneous environments, and is an adaptation and expression of plants to the environment. Herein, we combing the development of research on phenotypic plasticity from an integrated, with a focus on the climate, geography and biology environmental factors that affect plasticity and its response mechanism. At the same time, several important directions for future research on plant phenotypic plasticity in the context of global climate change are summarized. It is believed that the research on phenotypic plasticity in China needs to be further deepened, especially the process and mechanism of multi-factor influence on plant plasticity.
Plant phenotypic plasticity is the different phenotypic characteristics of the same genotype affected by different environments. It is a trade-offbetween plant traits and heterogeneous environments, and is an adaptation and expression of plants to the environment. Herein, we combing the development of research on phenotypic plasticity from an integrated, with a focus on the climate, geography and biology environmental factors that affect plasticity and its response mechanism. At the same time, several important directions for future research on plant phenotypic plasticity in the context of global climate change are summarized. It is believed that the research on phenotypic plasticity in China needs to be further deepened, especially the process and mechanism of multi-factor influence on plant plasticity.
