中文 
English 2017 Vol. 37 No. 2
Abstract：
The objective of this study was to investigate the adaptability of lianas to different light environments in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of Ailao Mountains, Yunnan province, China. 2-year-old liana seedlings of 6 heliophile lianas (Rosa longicuspis, Actinidia callosa, Celastrus angulatus, Holboellia latifolia, Kadsura coccinea, Parthenocissus himalayana) and 5 skiophyte lianas (Euonymus vagans, Jasminum urophyllum, Hydrangea anomala, Heterosmilax japonica, Embelia procumbens) were grown in different light environments (filed, forest edge, forest interior) with the photosynthetic characteristics of each species being studied. The results showed that from field, edge to the forest interior, the Pn, WUE, Tr, Pmax, LSP, LCP and Rd of all 11 species liana showed a downward trend, Ci, AQY, Amax, Rp and CE showed an upward trend, besides the measured values of the 6 sun-adapted taxa was greater than that of other 5 shade-adapted taxa. On the basis of the photosynthetic characteristics, the adaptability to full light of Parthenocissus himalayana, Rosa longicuspis, Actinidia callosa and Celastrus angulatus were the strongest among 11 species of liana. The adaptability to weak light of Embelia procumbens, Euonymus vagans and Hydrangea anomala were the strongest. Kadsura coccinea, Holboellia latifolia, Heterosmilax japonica and Jasminum urophyllum were in the middle of them.
The objective of this study was to investigate the adaptability of lianas to different light environments in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of Ailao Mountains, Yunnan province, China. 2-year-old liana seedlings of 6 heliophile lianas (Rosa longicuspis, Actinidia callosa, Celastrus angulatus, Holboellia latifolia, Kadsura coccinea, Parthenocissus himalayana) and 5 skiophyte lianas (Euonymus vagans, Jasminum urophyllum, Hydrangea anomala, Heterosmilax japonica, Embelia procumbens) were grown in different light environments (filed, forest edge, forest interior) with the photosynthetic characteristics of each species being studied. The results showed that from field, edge to the forest interior, the Pn, WUE, Tr, Pmax, LSP, LCP and Rd of all 11 species liana showed a downward trend, Ci, AQY, Amax, Rp and CE showed an upward trend, besides the measured values of the 6 sun-adapted taxa was greater than that of other 5 shade-adapted taxa. On the basis of the photosynthetic characteristics, the adaptability to full light of Parthenocissus himalayana, Rosa longicuspis, Actinidia callosa and Celastrus angulatus were the strongest among 11 species of liana. The adaptability to weak light of Embelia procumbens, Euonymus vagans and Hydrangea anomala were the strongest. Kadsura coccinea, Holboellia latifolia, Heterosmilax japonica and Jasminum urophyllum were in the middle of them.
2017, 37(2): 12-18.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.002
Abstract：
3 different phenotypes of Cinnamomum camphora taken as test materials, the photosynthetic pigment content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, soluble sugar content, changes in the content of soluble protein, free proline content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the natural overwintering were measured in order to select cold resistant strong C.camphora varieties. The results showed that the photosynthetic pigment content was stable in the early stage, but began to slow down in the later period. The content of soluble sugar increased rapidly in the early stage, then decreased slowly, and increased first in the late stage, then decreased. The content of soluble protein increased rapidly in the early stage after the rapid decline, and maintains a relatively low level. The free proline content decreased after a small rise in early stage, but increased rapidly in the late stage. SOD activity and CAT activity increased rapidly in the early stage, then decreased rapidly, and keep in a low level. The activity of POD decreased in the early stage after the rise, but the rapid rise in the late stage. The content of MDA in the early decline, and maintain a relatively low level, restored to the original level later and quickly with the change of temperature in the natural overwintering process. Free proline and POD are closely related in the cold resistance of camphor in the late natural overwintering process. The photosynthetic pigment content, SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, the soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and free proline content of phenotype 1 were significantly higher than those of 2 and 3, and the MDA content was significantly lower than that of the 2 and 3. With the comprehensive evaluation results of membership function method, the cold resistance of C.camphora in natural overwintering divided into enhancement phase, the strongest enhancement period, weakening stage and another enhanced period in the process of decreasing, phenotype 1 has the strongest cold resistance, can be used as cold resistant varieties in North jiangsu.
3 different phenotypes of Cinnamomum camphora taken as test materials, the photosynthetic pigment content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, soluble sugar content, changes in the content of soluble protein, free proline content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the natural overwintering were measured in order to select cold resistant strong C.camphora varieties. The results showed that the photosynthetic pigment content was stable in the early stage, but began to slow down in the later period. The content of soluble sugar increased rapidly in the early stage, then decreased slowly, and increased first in the late stage, then decreased. The content of soluble protein increased rapidly in the early stage after the rapid decline, and maintains a relatively low level. The free proline content decreased after a small rise in early stage, but increased rapidly in the late stage. SOD activity and CAT activity increased rapidly in the early stage, then decreased rapidly, and keep in a low level. The activity of POD decreased in the early stage after the rise, but the rapid rise in the late stage. The content of MDA in the early decline, and maintain a relatively low level, restored to the original level later and quickly with the change of temperature in the natural overwintering process. Free proline and POD are closely related in the cold resistance of camphor in the late natural overwintering process. The photosynthetic pigment content, SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, the soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and free proline content of phenotype 1 were significantly higher than those of 2 and 3, and the MDA content was significantly lower than that of the 2 and 3. With the comprehensive evaluation results of membership function method, the cold resistance of C.camphora in natural overwintering divided into enhancement phase, the strongest enhancement period, weakening stage and another enhanced period in the process of decreasing, phenotype 1 has the strongest cold resistance, can be used as cold resistant varieties in North jiangsu.
2017, 37(2): 19-24.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.003
Abstract：
Taken Corylus chinensis, C.heterophylla and C.wangii as research object, cold resistance of hazelnut trees in different areas was comparative analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), combined with climatic information at sampling sites. The results indicated that the strongest level of cold resistance was C.heterophylla, followed by C.wangii, the weakest level was C.chinensis. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature at the sampling sites of C.wangii and C.chinensis was similar. However, judging from the experimental data, the cold resistance of C.wangii was very similar with C.heterophylla. The enthalpy value of C.heterophylla was 2.398 J/g, the peak temperature of endothermic enthalpy was 2.63 ℃.The enthalpy value of C.wangii was 2.558 J/g, the peak temperature of endothermic enthalpy was 2.26 ℃. Especially on the basis of DSC peak graph, the experimental results of sensitivity indexes such as 3D, this study infers that the dimension of C.wangii cold resistance should be similar with C.heterophylla. In conclusion, plants that meet the normal distribution curve have the ability of cold resistance, the heat enthalpy value of plant was smaller, and the ability of cold resistance was stronger. Mesh 3D graphics indicated thatthe higher the proportion of high sensitivity value of the plant, the stronger ability of the cold resistance.
Taken Corylus chinensis, C.heterophylla and C.wangii as research object, cold resistance of hazelnut trees in different areas was comparative analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), combined with climatic information at sampling sites. The results indicated that the strongest level of cold resistance was C.heterophylla, followed by C.wangii, the weakest level was C.chinensis. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature at the sampling sites of C.wangii and C.chinensis was similar. However, judging from the experimental data, the cold resistance of C.wangii was very similar with C.heterophylla. The enthalpy value of C.heterophylla was 2.398 J/g, the peak temperature of endothermic enthalpy was 2.63 ℃.The enthalpy value of C.wangii was 2.558 J/g, the peak temperature of endothermic enthalpy was 2.26 ℃. Especially on the basis of DSC peak graph, the experimental results of sensitivity indexes such as 3D, this study infers that the dimension of C.wangii cold resistance should be similar with C.heterophylla. In conclusion, plants that meet the normal distribution curve have the ability of cold resistance, the heat enthalpy value of plant was smaller, and the ability of cold resistance was stronger. Mesh 3D graphics indicated thatthe higher the proportion of high sensitivity value of the plant, the stronger ability of the cold resistance.
Abstract：
In order to promote the growth of Syringa reticulata in the high altitude permafrost areas, this study increased soil temperature artificially through the system of ceramic solar collectors, and set up 4 warming gradients of 2.0 ℃ (S1), 3.0 ℃ (S2), 4.0 ℃ (S3), 5.0 ℃ (S4), and 1 CK control group, respectively, to analyse the changes of photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration changes under different soil temperatures of S.reticulata's leaves. The results showed that in 4 treatments, the net photosynthetic rate of the group of S3 andS4 were larger, and the growth rate was 13.16% and 16.65%, respectively. The transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of S4 were the largest and the growth rate was 58.89% and 9.17%, respectively. The intercellular CO2 concentration of S3, S4 were the highest, and the growth rate was 14.63% and 20.43%, respectively. It was indicated that soil temperature has a very significant relation with net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration, and soil temperature and the transpiration rate were significantly related. Based on the analysis of the indicators all above, it showed that it was the most appropriate condition for S.reticulata growth to increased soil temperature by 4.0 ℃ to 5.0 ℃.
In order to promote the growth of Syringa reticulata in the high altitude permafrost areas, this study increased soil temperature artificially through the system of ceramic solar collectors, and set up 4 warming gradients of 2.0 ℃ (S1), 3.0 ℃ (S2), 4.0 ℃ (S3), 5.0 ℃ (S4), and 1 CK control group, respectively, to analyse the changes of photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration changes under different soil temperatures of S.reticulata's leaves. The results showed that in 4 treatments, the net photosynthetic rate of the group of S3 andS4 were larger, and the growth rate was 13.16% and 16.65%, respectively. The transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of S4 were the largest and the growth rate was 58.89% and 9.17%, respectively. The intercellular CO2 concentration of S3, S4 were the highest, and the growth rate was 14.63% and 20.43%, respectively. It was indicated that soil temperature has a very significant relation with net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration, and soil temperature and the transpiration rate were significantly related. Based on the analysis of the indicators all above, it showed that it was the most appropriate condition for S.reticulata growth to increased soil temperature by 4.0 ℃ to 5.0 ℃.
2017, 37(2): 30-34.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.005
Abstract：
The effects of NaCl stress on photosynthesis of seedlings of 4 species were studied to provide a reference for garden plant selection of salt tolerant. Seedlings of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ixora chinensis, Schefflera arboricola, Cordyline fruticosa were placed in simulating salt environment, and then their photosynthetic indexes were determined. Results showed that at 0.3% salt concentration, with increasing salt stress time, Pn of the 4 species continuously decreased. Gs of H. rosa-sinensis continuously decreased, whereas the other species decreased followed by an increase. Ci of H. rosa-sinensis and S. arboricola continuously decreased, and I. chinensis decreased followed by an increase, C. fruticosa continuously increased. Tr of H. rosa-sinensi continuously decreased, and the other species decreased followed by an increase. At 0.6% salt concentration, Pn of seedlings of the 4 species continuously decreased. Gs of H. rosa-sinensis, I. chinensis and S. arboricola decreased followed by an increase, C. fruticosa continuously decreased. Ci of H. rosa-sinensis, I. chinensis and S. arboricola decreased followed by an increase, whereas C. fruticosa increased and then decreased. Tr of seedlings of the 4 species decreased followed by an increase. The overall judgment from Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr of the 4 plant species, H. rosa-sinensis and S. arboricola had stronger salt tolerance among 4 species and was more suitable for cultivation in salt land, and salt tolerance of I. chinensis was medium, whereas that of C. fruticosa was weaker.
The effects of NaCl stress on photosynthesis of seedlings of 4 species were studied to provide a reference for garden plant selection of salt tolerant. Seedlings of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ixora chinensis, Schefflera arboricola, Cordyline fruticosa were placed in simulating salt environment, and then their photosynthetic indexes were determined. Results showed that at 0.3% salt concentration, with increasing salt stress time, Pn of the 4 species continuously decreased. Gs of H. rosa-sinensis continuously decreased, whereas the other species decreased followed by an increase. Ci of H. rosa-sinensis and S. arboricola continuously decreased, and I. chinensis decreased followed by an increase, C. fruticosa continuously increased. Tr of H. rosa-sinensi continuously decreased, and the other species decreased followed by an increase. At 0.6% salt concentration, Pn of seedlings of the 4 species continuously decreased. Gs of H. rosa-sinensis, I. chinensis and S. arboricola decreased followed by an increase, C. fruticosa continuously decreased. Ci of H. rosa-sinensis, I. chinensis and S. arboricola decreased followed by an increase, whereas C. fruticosa increased and then decreased. Tr of seedlings of the 4 species decreased followed by an increase. The overall judgment from Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr of the 4 plant species, H. rosa-sinensis and S. arboricola had stronger salt tolerance among 4 species and was more suitable for cultivation in salt land, and salt tolerance of I. chinensis was medium, whereas that of C. fruticosa was weaker.
2017, 37(2): 35-40.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.006
Abstract：
This paper designed different irrigation intensity to form different soil and tissue water content, then investigated the regulation mechanisms of clonal growth from tissue water content. The results showed that the water content of the soil increased constantly, while the tissue water content increased at first and then decreased. Its clonal growth parameters rose perpendicularly with tissue water content increasing. However, its clonal growth parameters increased at first and decreased later with irrigation intensity (soil water content) increasing. So, the tissue water content was the direct factor regulating clonal growth ability, irrigation intensity and soil water content were indirect factors that regulated clonal growth ability. Therefore, with the tissue water content increasing at beginning and then decreasing, the clonal growth of H. rhamnoides will form the foraging pattern continuum of 'guerrilla-phalanx-guerrilla'.
This paper designed different irrigation intensity to form different soil and tissue water content, then investigated the regulation mechanisms of clonal growth from tissue water content. The results showed that the water content of the soil increased constantly, while the tissue water content increased at first and then decreased. Its clonal growth parameters rose perpendicularly with tissue water content increasing. However, its clonal growth parameters increased at first and decreased later with irrigation intensity (soil water content) increasing. So, the tissue water content was the direct factor regulating clonal growth ability, irrigation intensity and soil water content were indirect factors that regulated clonal growth ability. Therefore, with the tissue water content increasing at beginning and then decreasing, the clonal growth of H. rhamnoides will form the foraging pattern continuum of 'guerrilla-phalanx-guerrilla'.
2017, 37(2): 41-46.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.007
Abstract：
The site factors and growth traits of 236 candidate Taiwania flousiana trees of pure forest, mingled forest, scattered wood and isolated wood in 13 counties were measured. The correlation analysis of candidate trees showed that volume could be used as the main indexes for selection of superior trees of T. flousiana. The regression equation with individual volume was established by using 6 quantitative factors including longitude, latitude, altitude, slope, the depth of black soil layer, ages of trees and 7 qualitative factors including slope aspect, slope position, slope shape, bedrock, soil type, origin, tree type. Its multiple correlation coefficient was 0.799. There was a difference between theoretical and realistic volume, the frequency of difference was in normal distribution. The superior tree selection was based on the comparison of Ii and the mean value of difference I ± standard deviation δ. The superior tree selection standards with 70% selective ratio were as follows:Class Ⅰ superior tree, Ii ≥ I + 0.3δ, that is Ii ≥ 1.644 6. Class Ⅱ superior tree, I + 0.3δ > Ii > I - 0.3δ, that is 1.644 6 > Ii > -1.644 6. Class Ⅲ superior tree (normal tree), Ii ≤ I - 0.3δ, that is Ii ≤ -1.644 6. 54 strains of class Ⅰ superior trees and 114 strains of class Ⅱ superior trees were selected by the standards. They accounted for 22.88% and 48.31% in all candidate superior trees respectively. The genetic gain of the class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ superior trees reached 20.82%.
The site factors and growth traits of 236 candidate Taiwania flousiana trees of pure forest, mingled forest, scattered wood and isolated wood in 13 counties were measured. The correlation analysis of candidate trees showed that volume could be used as the main indexes for selection of superior trees of T. flousiana. The regression equation with individual volume was established by using 6 quantitative factors including longitude, latitude, altitude, slope, the depth of black soil layer, ages of trees and 7 qualitative factors including slope aspect, slope position, slope shape, bedrock, soil type, origin, tree type. Its multiple correlation coefficient was 0.799. There was a difference between theoretical and realistic volume, the frequency of difference was in normal distribution. The superior tree selection was based on the comparison of Ii and the mean value of difference I ± standard deviation δ. The superior tree selection standards with 70% selective ratio were as follows:Class Ⅰ superior tree, Ii ≥ I + 0.3δ, that is Ii ≥ 1.644 6. Class Ⅱ superior tree, I + 0.3δ > Ii > I - 0.3δ, that is 1.644 6 > Ii > -1.644 6. Class Ⅲ superior tree (normal tree), Ii ≤ I - 0.3δ, that is Ii ≤ -1.644 6. 54 strains of class Ⅰ superior trees and 114 strains of class Ⅱ superior trees were selected by the standards. They accounted for 22.88% and 48.31% in all candidate superior trees respectively. The genetic gain of the class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ superior trees reached 20.82%.
2017, 37(2): 47-52.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.008
Abstract：
The morphological diversities among populations and their correlation with geographical climatic factors of Machilus pauhoi from 23 provenances were discussed. The results showed that there were significant differences in 6 characters of the seed length, seed width, seed thickness, seed length-width ratio, seed width-thickness ratio and seed hundred-grain weight among provenances. Among them, seed length, seed width and seed thickness were positively and significantly correlated between each other, seed hundred-grain weight was positively and significantly correlated with seed length, seed width and seed thickness. The seed length, seed width, seed length-width ratio and other character were positively and significantly correlated with the latitude of distribution area of seed collecting points, which was gradually increasing from south to north. According to cluster analysis, M. pauhoi from 23 provenances could be divided into 3 provenance region.
The morphological diversities among populations and their correlation with geographical climatic factors of Machilus pauhoi from 23 provenances were discussed. The results showed that there were significant differences in 6 characters of the seed length, seed width, seed thickness, seed length-width ratio, seed width-thickness ratio and seed hundred-grain weight among provenances. Among them, seed length, seed width and seed thickness were positively and significantly correlated between each other, seed hundred-grain weight was positively and significantly correlated with seed length, seed width and seed thickness. The seed length, seed width, seed length-width ratio and other character were positively and significantly correlated with the latitude of distribution area of seed collecting points, which was gradually increasing from south to north. According to cluster analysis, M. pauhoi from 23 provenances could be divided into 3 provenance region.
Abstract：
In this study, 3-year-old clones of Purple Betula platyphylla were used as the test materials, of which the anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents in the top, middle and bottom leaves from 1 branch and the leaves of different development stages were measured. In addition, the spatial and temporal expression levels on the BpCHS and BpDFR family genes were measured by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the differences in the anthocyanin and chlorophyll content among the top, middle and bottom leaves from the same branch were significant, while the anthocyanin of the 2 different development stages was also significant. The first and second leaves nearest to the bud were dark purple or violet from May to August in B. pendula, while the anthocyanin content in the top leaves was higher than those of the middle and bottom leaves in all of the development stages. The trends of anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents in the top, middle and lower leaves showed opposite trends, and the linear regression analysis showed that the 2 types of pigment content had an extremely significant linear negative correlation. The spatial and temporal expression characters of 3 BpCHS genes and 4 BpDFR genes showed that when the leaves were dark purple or violet, the expression levels of BpCHS2 and BpCHS3 were the highest. When the leaf color became obvious in the top, middle and bottom, 4 BpDFR genes performed in an up-regulated or down-regulated manner. Accordingly, it was certain that the leaf color of the B. pendula was related to BpCHS2, BpCHS3 and BpDFR.
In this study, 3-year-old clones of Purple Betula platyphylla were used as the test materials, of which the anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents in the top, middle and bottom leaves from 1 branch and the leaves of different development stages were measured. In addition, the spatial and temporal expression levels on the BpCHS and BpDFR family genes were measured by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the differences in the anthocyanin and chlorophyll content among the top, middle and bottom leaves from the same branch were significant, while the anthocyanin of the 2 different development stages was also significant. The first and second leaves nearest to the bud were dark purple or violet from May to August in B. pendula, while the anthocyanin content in the top leaves was higher than those of the middle and bottom leaves in all of the development stages. The trends of anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents in the top, middle and lower leaves showed opposite trends, and the linear regression analysis showed that the 2 types of pigment content had an extremely significant linear negative correlation. The spatial and temporal expression characters of 3 BpCHS genes and 4 BpDFR genes showed that when the leaves were dark purple or violet, the expression levels of BpCHS2 and BpCHS3 were the highest. When the leaf color became obvious in the top, middle and bottom, 4 BpDFR genes performed in an up-regulated or down-regulated manner. Accordingly, it was certain that the leaf color of the B. pendula was related to BpCHS2, BpCHS3 and BpDFR.
2017, 37(2): 60-68.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.010
Abstract：
The photosynthetic pigment content and de novo RNA-Seq were investigated in leaf-color mutant and normal plant of Dendranthema morifolium 'Xiaguang Feiyue'. The results showed that the photosynthetic pigment content had decreased greatly of mutant plants, only about 18 percent of normal plants, but the Chl a/b observably increased in mutant plant. We generated 4.75 Gb and 4.96 Gb clean datum from the mutant and normal plant leaves using transcriptome sequencing, respectively. De novo assembly yielded 105 456 unigenes with 15 493 of length greater than 1 kb, 1 556 bp of N50. For unigenes expression analysis, we got 3 762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and obtained 2 741 annotations by functional annotation of the DEGs. Using GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, and qPCR verification, results indicated that forming reason of the chlorina mutant of D.morifolium 'Xiaguang Feiyue' may be expressed at low level of dmGLK2 and dmGLK1 not expressed cause chloroplast development and division blocked, chloroplast number is greatly reduced in leaf cells, thus the content of chlorophyll is overall declined. And the study will supply meaning information to the future studies on leaf-color mutants and directional breeding of D.morifolium.
The photosynthetic pigment content and de novo RNA-Seq were investigated in leaf-color mutant and normal plant of Dendranthema morifolium 'Xiaguang Feiyue'. The results showed that the photosynthetic pigment content had decreased greatly of mutant plants, only about 18 percent of normal plants, but the Chl a/b observably increased in mutant plant. We generated 4.75 Gb and 4.96 Gb clean datum from the mutant and normal plant leaves using transcriptome sequencing, respectively. De novo assembly yielded 105 456 unigenes with 15 493 of length greater than 1 kb, 1 556 bp of N50. For unigenes expression analysis, we got 3 762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and obtained 2 741 annotations by functional annotation of the DEGs. Using GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, and qPCR verification, results indicated that forming reason of the chlorina mutant of D.morifolium 'Xiaguang Feiyue' may be expressed at low level of dmGLK2 and dmGLK1 not expressed cause chloroplast development and division blocked, chloroplast number is greatly reduced in leaf cells, thus the content of chlorophyll is overall declined. And the study will supply meaning information to the future studies on leaf-color mutants and directional breeding of D.morifolium.
Abstract：
With dividing the branches & stems diameter (Φ) of 4.5-year old Taxus yunnanensis sample trees into 9 grades, the biomass characteristics of bark and xylem in different grades were analyzed, and taxanes contents of different diameter samples, such as 10-DAB, baccatin-Ⅲ, 7-xyl-taxol, 10-deacet-taxol, cephalomannine, and taxol, were tested and contrasted. The results indicated that there was a significant decline for the proportion of samples′ bark when Φ > 0.5 cm, and when Φ > 0.8 cm, there was the significant increase for the diameter of samples′ xylem. When 0.3 cm < Φ < 1.49 cm and Φ > 4.00 cm, the ratio of dry weights of samples′ bark and xylem decreased significantly with the increase of the diameter. There was a certain amount of taxol and other taxanes in the stem xylem of the saplings. And Φ=0.3 cm, the branch diameter of the tree species, which was the significant node that relates to changes of taxanes contents of the branches. We thus suggest that the small branches with leaves (Φ < 0.3 cm) be used as main target and pricing basis in the cultivation, harvesting, and the purchase of the branches and leaves of medicinal raw material forests of T.yunnanensis.
With dividing the branches & stems diameter (Φ) of 4.5-year old Taxus yunnanensis sample trees into 9 grades, the biomass characteristics of bark and xylem in different grades were analyzed, and taxanes contents of different diameter samples, such as 10-DAB, baccatin-Ⅲ, 7-xyl-taxol, 10-deacet-taxol, cephalomannine, and taxol, were tested and contrasted. The results indicated that there was a significant decline for the proportion of samples′ bark when Φ > 0.5 cm, and when Φ > 0.8 cm, there was the significant increase for the diameter of samples′ xylem. When 0.3 cm < Φ < 1.49 cm and Φ > 4.00 cm, the ratio of dry weights of samples′ bark and xylem decreased significantly with the increase of the diameter. There was a certain amount of taxol and other taxanes in the stem xylem of the saplings. And Φ=0.3 cm, the branch diameter of the tree species, which was the significant node that relates to changes of taxanes contents of the branches. We thus suggest that the small branches with leaves (Φ < 0.3 cm) be used as main target and pricing basis in the cultivation, harvesting, and the purchase of the branches and leaves of medicinal raw material forests of T.yunnanensis.
Abstract：
Taken germinative rootstock of Polygonatum cyrtonema as the material. And the experiment was based on MS + NAA 1.0 mg/L+ KT 1.5 mg/L medium. It was investigated the complex effect that made by the concentration of the 5 kinds of macroelements in MS medium on the growth of germinative rootstock of P.cyrtonema and the 2 kinds of secondary metabolites include amylose and total saponins. The results indicated that in the most suitable medium for the growth of P.cyrtonema germinative rootstock, the concentration of NH4NO3 and KNO3 was 1.5 times as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. The concentration of KH2PO4, MgSO4 and CaCl2 was 2 times as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. In the most suitable medium that synthesized by total anylose, the concentration of KH2PO4 was 2 times as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. In addition, the other elements were all as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. In the most suitable medium that synthesized by total saponins, the concentration of 5 kinds of macroelements were MS medium′s standard concentration.
Taken germinative rootstock of Polygonatum cyrtonema as the material. And the experiment was based on MS + NAA 1.0 mg/L+ KT 1.5 mg/L medium. It was investigated the complex effect that made by the concentration of the 5 kinds of macroelements in MS medium on the growth of germinative rootstock of P.cyrtonema and the 2 kinds of secondary metabolites include amylose and total saponins. The results indicated that in the most suitable medium for the growth of P.cyrtonema germinative rootstock, the concentration of NH4NO3 and KNO3 was 1.5 times as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. The concentration of KH2PO4, MgSO4 and CaCl2 was 2 times as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. In the most suitable medium that synthesized by total anylose, the concentration of KH2PO4 was 2 times as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. In addition, the other elements were all as strong as the standard concentration of MS medium. In the most suitable medium that synthesized by total saponins, the concentration of 5 kinds of macroelements were MS medium′s standard concentration.
2017, 37(2): 80-84.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.013
Abstract：
This subject based on 3 varieties of 10 years old Ziziphus jujuba, including dongzao, lizao and mangguozao which cultivated in greenhouse in Yiliang Country, Yunnan province, analyzed and comprehensive evaluated the main quality characters of these 3 kinds of fresh jujube fruits.Results showed that single dongzao fruit has minimum weight, but the shape of the fruit was the most beautiful, nearly circular. Single mangguozao fruit has maximum weight, but the shape was not better than dongzao and lizao. Different varieties entered the rapid expansion of fruit from middle June. The fruit hardness of 3 different varieties was gradually decreased with the development of fruit, lizao has maximum hardness in fructescence, followed by dongzao and mangguozao. The content of Vitamin C of mangguozao was the highest. The soluble solid content of dongzao was the highest and the sugar-acid ratio was high, taste better, the quality was the best., Comprehensive evaluation of dongzao in sensory evaluation was the best, the appearance of a round, thin skin, and without residue left in our mouth, taste the best. The second was the lizao, its appearance and taste slightly better than mangguozao. Peel of mangguozao was thick, the taste was rough.
This subject based on 3 varieties of 10 years old Ziziphus jujuba, including dongzao, lizao and mangguozao which cultivated in greenhouse in Yiliang Country, Yunnan province, analyzed and comprehensive evaluated the main quality characters of these 3 kinds of fresh jujube fruits.Results showed that single dongzao fruit has minimum weight, but the shape of the fruit was the most beautiful, nearly circular. Single mangguozao fruit has maximum weight, but the shape was not better than dongzao and lizao. Different varieties entered the rapid expansion of fruit from middle June. The fruit hardness of 3 different varieties was gradually decreased with the development of fruit, lizao has maximum hardness in fructescence, followed by dongzao and mangguozao. The content of Vitamin C of mangguozao was the highest. The soluble solid content of dongzao was the highest and the sugar-acid ratio was high, taste better, the quality was the best., Comprehensive evaluation of dongzao in sensory evaluation was the best, the appearance of a round, thin skin, and without residue left in our mouth, taste the best. The second was the lizao, its appearance and taste slightly better than mangguozao. Peel of mangguozao was thick, the taste was rough.
2017, 37(2): 85-87.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.014
Abstract：
Handeliodendron Rehder, a monotypic genus of Sapindaceae was found in the field investigation of the fourth national survey on Chinese materia medica resources in Funing County, Yunnan Province. According to the specimen and literature in Chinese Virtual Herbarium, Handeliodendron bodinieri mainly distributed in Guangxi and Guizhou, newly recorded in Yunnan. The genus includes only 1 species, named H.bodinieri and it was listed in the "first class national protected wild plants".
Handeliodendron Rehder, a monotypic genus of Sapindaceae was found in the field investigation of the fourth national survey on Chinese materia medica resources in Funing County, Yunnan Province. According to the specimen and literature in Chinese Virtual Herbarium, Handeliodendron bodinieri mainly distributed in Guangxi and Guizhou, newly recorded in Yunnan. The genus includes only 1 species, named H.bodinieri and it was listed in the "first class national protected wild plants".
Abstract：
Based on the field survey data, the application of Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index were studied in the area in 10 kinds of main forest community in understory plant diversity. The results showed that the species composition and diversity of understory shrubs and herbaceous plant presented significant differences in different communities, canopy density had a significant influence on species composition and diversity. The species diversity of understory in forest communities presented as evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest > broadleaved forest > plantation. The species diversity index of different forest communities basically presented as herb layer > shrub layer.Vegetation restoration in the mountain area should be mixed forest forestation, evergreen tree species and deciduous tree species collocation at the planting. Tree species should be selected native tree species that suitable for environmental characteristics and altitude.
Based on the field survey data, the application of Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index were studied in the area in 10 kinds of main forest community in understory plant diversity. The results showed that the species composition and diversity of understory shrubs and herbaceous plant presented significant differences in different communities, canopy density had a significant influence on species composition and diversity. The species diversity of understory in forest communities presented as evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest > broadleaved forest > plantation. The species diversity index of different forest communities basically presented as herb layer > shrub layer.Vegetation restoration in the mountain area should be mixed forest forestation, evergreen tree species and deciduous tree species collocation at the planting. Tree species should be selected native tree species that suitable for environmental characteristics and altitude.
2017, 37(2): 95-102.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.016
Abstract：
In this study, the element content and stoichiometry of leaves and soils of 11 garden plants was analyzed in Nansha of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. Results showed that the contents of N, P and K in plant leaves ranged from 9.65 g/kg to 33.53 g/kg, 1.36 g/kg to 2.90 g/kg and 11.25 g/kg to 24.74 g/kg, respectively. Soil pH ranged from 5.87 to 8.38, soil organic matter ranged from 8.34 g/kg to 24.78 g/kg. Generally, there were significant differences in total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K among plant soils. Soil was characteristized with low N and P, medium soil organic matter level and high K. Leaf C/N, C/P and N/P ranged from 12.28-44.42, 152.17-314.95 and 3.56-13.02, respectively. The plants were divided into 4 categories using cluster analysis. Dracaena angustifolia belonged to the first kind, the second kind included Ruellia tuberosa, Schefflera arboricola and Cordyline fruticosa 'Green Leaves', the third kind included Ophiopogon intermedius 'Argenteo-marginatus', Cordyline fruticosa, Duranta repens 'Dwarf Yellow', Belamcanda chinensis, Hymenocallis littoralis and Schefflera odorata 'Variegata', Hibiscus rosa-sinensis belonged to the fourth kind. Generally, the leaf nutrient content decreased in the order of the third kind > the forth kind > the second kind > the first kind. The soil fertility was divided into 4 categories using cluster analysis. The first kind included D.angustifolia, O.intermedius 'Argenteo-marginatus' and H.littoralis, the second kind included S.odorata 'Variegata', C.fruticosa and C.fruticosa 'Green Leaves', the third kind included B.chinensis and R.tuberosa, and the fourth kind included H.rosa-sinensis, D.repens 'Dwarf Yellow' and S.arboricola. Generally, the soil fertility decreased in the order of the fourth kind > the second kind > the first kind > the third kind.
In this study, the element content and stoichiometry of leaves and soils of 11 garden plants was analyzed in Nansha of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. Results showed that the contents of N, P and K in plant leaves ranged from 9.65 g/kg to 33.53 g/kg, 1.36 g/kg to 2.90 g/kg and 11.25 g/kg to 24.74 g/kg, respectively. Soil pH ranged from 5.87 to 8.38, soil organic matter ranged from 8.34 g/kg to 24.78 g/kg. Generally, there were significant differences in total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K among plant soils. Soil was characteristized with low N and P, medium soil organic matter level and high K. Leaf C/N, C/P and N/P ranged from 12.28-44.42, 152.17-314.95 and 3.56-13.02, respectively. The plants were divided into 4 categories using cluster analysis. Dracaena angustifolia belonged to the first kind, the second kind included Ruellia tuberosa, Schefflera arboricola and Cordyline fruticosa 'Green Leaves', the third kind included Ophiopogon intermedius 'Argenteo-marginatus', Cordyline fruticosa, Duranta repens 'Dwarf Yellow', Belamcanda chinensis, Hymenocallis littoralis and Schefflera odorata 'Variegata', Hibiscus rosa-sinensis belonged to the fourth kind. Generally, the leaf nutrient content decreased in the order of the third kind > the forth kind > the second kind > the first kind. The soil fertility was divided into 4 categories using cluster analysis. The first kind included D.angustifolia, O.intermedius 'Argenteo-marginatus' and H.littoralis, the second kind included S.odorata 'Variegata', C.fruticosa and C.fruticosa 'Green Leaves', the third kind included B.chinensis and R.tuberosa, and the fourth kind included H.rosa-sinensis, D.repens 'Dwarf Yellow' and S.arboricola. Generally, the soil fertility decreased in the order of the fourth kind > the second kind > the first kind > the third kind.
2017, 37(2): 103-108.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.017
Abstract：
In order to promote the decomposition of Cunninghamia lanceolata litter, the study use net bag method to analyse the weightlessness rate, interspecific interaction and the relationship between decomposition rate and initial quality in litter diversity model which is based on C.lanceola litters. The results showed that after 1 year of decomposition, in addition to Schima superba-C.lanceola treatment and C.lanceola-Phoeba bournei treatment, the decomposition rate of other treatments were faster than pure litters of C.lanceola litter diversity treatments have mutually promoted effects on litter decomposition, especially on C.lanceolata-Michelia macclurei-P.bournei, C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-Manglietia yuyuanensis and C.lanceolata-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei 3 groups of treatments, but litter diversity treatments have certain effect on the decomposition of C.lanceola litters, among which C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-P.bournei, C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-M.yuyuanensis, C.lanceolata-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei and C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei litter diversity treatments can promote the decomposition of C.lanceola litters more effectively while C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei-S.superba litter diversity treatment inhibit the decomposition of C.lanceola litters. The correlation test indicated that decomposition rate of litters has very significantly positive correlation with initial cellulose content, the decomposition rate of litters has very significantly negative correlation with carbon content, lignin content, lignin/N and has negative correlation with C/N, C/K and lignin/K.
In order to promote the decomposition of Cunninghamia lanceolata litter, the study use net bag method to analyse the weightlessness rate, interspecific interaction and the relationship between decomposition rate and initial quality in litter diversity model which is based on C.lanceola litters. The results showed that after 1 year of decomposition, in addition to Schima superba-C.lanceola treatment and C.lanceola-Phoeba bournei treatment, the decomposition rate of other treatments were faster than pure litters of C.lanceola litter diversity treatments have mutually promoted effects on litter decomposition, especially on C.lanceolata-Michelia macclurei-P.bournei, C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-Manglietia yuyuanensis and C.lanceolata-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei 3 groups of treatments, but litter diversity treatments have certain effect on the decomposition of C.lanceola litters, among which C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-P.bournei, C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-M.yuyuanensis, C.lanceolata-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei and C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei litter diversity treatments can promote the decomposition of C.lanceola litters more effectively while C.lanceolata-M.macclurei-M.yuyuanensis-P.bournei-S.superba litter diversity treatment inhibit the decomposition of C.lanceola litters. The correlation test indicated that decomposition rate of litters has very significantly positive correlation with initial cellulose content, the decomposition rate of litters has very significantly negative correlation with carbon content, lignin content, lignin/N and has negative correlation with C/N, C/K and lignin/K.
2017, 37(2): 109-115.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.018
Abstract：
To understand the effect of different fertility treatments on soil microbial properties of Paulownia fortunei plantations, the change of soil enzyme activity, soil microbial biomass, and the correlations among soil microbial biomass, soil enzymes, and chemical index of 4-year-old P.fortunei plantations were analyzed with principal components under 4 different fertility treatments. Result showed that this 3 different fertilizer significantly increased the activity of soil catalase, urease, acid phosphatase and invertase. Urease, acid phosphatase and invertase increased more significantly under SF than other treatment respectively by 79.01%, 72.40% and 230.76% which compared with the control group with no fertilizer. 3 different fertilizer significantly increased the soil microbial biomass. Compared with the control group, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased more significantly by 321.02% and 386.87% under SF. Except for pH, soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity appear positive correlation under SF. Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus had positive correlation with soil enzyme activity, soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus had positive correlation with soil nutrient. The specific fertilizer has the largest impact on soil microbial activity and chemical indicators.
To understand the effect of different fertility treatments on soil microbial properties of Paulownia fortunei plantations, the change of soil enzyme activity, soil microbial biomass, and the correlations among soil microbial biomass, soil enzymes, and chemical index of 4-year-old P.fortunei plantations were analyzed with principal components under 4 different fertility treatments. Result showed that this 3 different fertilizer significantly increased the activity of soil catalase, urease, acid phosphatase and invertase. Urease, acid phosphatase and invertase increased more significantly under SF than other treatment respectively by 79.01%, 72.40% and 230.76% which compared with the control group with no fertilizer. 3 different fertilizer significantly increased the soil microbial biomass. Compared with the control group, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased more significantly by 321.02% and 386.87% under SF. Except for pH, soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity appear positive correlation under SF. Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus had positive correlation with soil enzyme activity, soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus had positive correlation with soil nutrient. The specific fertilizer has the largest impact on soil microbial activity and chemical indicators.
2017, 37(2): 116-121.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.019
Abstract：
Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh and perennial water marsh in Zoige was studied with field sampling and laboratory analysis.The results showed that within the range of 0-200 cm soil layer, organic carbon content of perennial water marsh was 270.174 g·kg-1, and the nitrogen content was 11.963 g·kg-1.Carbon content of seasonal water marsh was 212.066 g·kg-1, and the nitrogen content was 10.824 g·kg-1.Carbon and nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh were less than that of perennial water marsh.In the range of 0-60 cm soil layer, the organic carbon content of 2 kinds of marsh appeared different degree of increase, but the increase amplitude and increase rate of organic carbon content of perennial water marsh was significantly higher than that of seasonal water marsh.In the range of 110-200 cm soil layer, the change of carbon content tends to be stable, but the carbon content of perennial water marsh was obviously higher than that of seasonal water marsh at the same depth.In the surface and middle layer of peat (0-110 cm), the nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh was greater than that of the perennial water marsh.And at the bottom layer of peat (110-200 cm), the nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh was greater than that of the perennial water marsh.The above data demonstrated that the content of organic carbon was decreased in the evolution process from the perennial water marsh to the seasonal water marsh, the carbon sinks function of wetlands has changed.
Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh and perennial water marsh in Zoige was studied with field sampling and laboratory analysis.The results showed that within the range of 0-200 cm soil layer, organic carbon content of perennial water marsh was 270.174 g·kg-1, and the nitrogen content was 11.963 g·kg-1.Carbon content of seasonal water marsh was 212.066 g·kg-1, and the nitrogen content was 10.824 g·kg-1.Carbon and nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh were less than that of perennial water marsh.In the range of 0-60 cm soil layer, the organic carbon content of 2 kinds of marsh appeared different degree of increase, but the increase amplitude and increase rate of organic carbon content of perennial water marsh was significantly higher than that of seasonal water marsh.In the range of 110-200 cm soil layer, the change of carbon content tends to be stable, but the carbon content of perennial water marsh was obviously higher than that of seasonal water marsh at the same depth.In the surface and middle layer of peat (0-110 cm), the nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh was greater than that of the perennial water marsh.And at the bottom layer of peat (110-200 cm), the nitrogen content of seasonal water marsh was greater than that of the perennial water marsh.The above data demonstrated that the content of organic carbon was decreased in the evolution process from the perennial water marsh to the seasonal water marsh, the carbon sinks function of wetlands has changed.
Abstract：
The relationship between sediment yield and erosive rainfall was studied based on the observed rainfall data of Huyangshui water and soil conservation monitoring stations in Zunyi from 2009 to 2012.The rainfall runoff erosion and sediment yield of small watershed in Huyangshui were analyzed using single rainfall erosivity, and the coverage of the optimal calculation model and multivariate nonlinear regression method with the data statistics of 4 runoff plots in the 28 times rainfall including rainfall, rainfall intensity, maximum 30 minutes rainfall intensity and time of rainfall erosion modulus.The results showed that the output of total runoff and sediment accounted for 64.05% and 62.62% respectively of the annual total from May to July in the basin.When rainfall erosivity was less than 20, the rainfall erosion modulus and rainfall erosivity was a positive correlation in power function, the rainfall erosion modulus and coverage was a negative correlation in quadratic function.When rainfall erosivity was more than 20, rainfall erosion modulus and the erosivity was positively in a function, the rainfall erosion modulus and coverage was negatively related to the power function relationship.The applicable formula among single rainfall erosivity, coverage and erosion modulus was established and verified through the binary nonlinear regression.
The relationship between sediment yield and erosive rainfall was studied based on the observed rainfall data of Huyangshui water and soil conservation monitoring stations in Zunyi from 2009 to 2012.The rainfall runoff erosion and sediment yield of small watershed in Huyangshui were analyzed using single rainfall erosivity, and the coverage of the optimal calculation model and multivariate nonlinear regression method with the data statistics of 4 runoff plots in the 28 times rainfall including rainfall, rainfall intensity, maximum 30 minutes rainfall intensity and time of rainfall erosion modulus.The results showed that the output of total runoff and sediment accounted for 64.05% and 62.62% respectively of the annual total from May to July in the basin.When rainfall erosivity was less than 20, the rainfall erosion modulus and rainfall erosivity was a positive correlation in power function, the rainfall erosion modulus and coverage was a negative correlation in quadratic function.When rainfall erosivity was more than 20, rainfall erosion modulus and the erosivity was positively in a function, the rainfall erosion modulus and coverage was negatively related to the power function relationship.The applicable formula among single rainfall erosivity, coverage and erosion modulus was established and verified through the binary nonlinear regression.
2017, 37(2): 128-134.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.021
Abstract：
Based on field investigation and laboratory analysis, biomass characteristic of an ephemeral plant Alyssum desertorum in 3 habitats was compared.The results indicated that height, modules biomass and total biomass of plant within each habitat were significantly different, and coefficients of variation of lots of component were more than 70%.Biomass of root and stem increased in a power function with increasing of total biomass, and showed a similar power allometry growth pattern, and the fastest growth rate was showed on the stem biomass (b=1.153 4) in nature reserve plot.Meanwhile, there was a positive power function or a linear relationship between leaf and fruit biomass with total biomass, the similar pattern was observed in the relationship between fruit biomass and root biomass, stem biomass and leaf biomass.For A.desertorum populations, biomass component and growth situation can be similar or different both within and between habitat, which is controlled by the interaction between environmental and genetic factors.
Based on field investigation and laboratory analysis, biomass characteristic of an ephemeral plant Alyssum desertorum in 3 habitats was compared.The results indicated that height, modules biomass and total biomass of plant within each habitat were significantly different, and coefficients of variation of lots of component were more than 70%.Biomass of root and stem increased in a power function with increasing of total biomass, and showed a similar power allometry growth pattern, and the fastest growth rate was showed on the stem biomass (b=1.153 4) in nature reserve plot.Meanwhile, there was a positive power function or a linear relationship between leaf and fruit biomass with total biomass, the similar pattern was observed in the relationship between fruit biomass and root biomass, stem biomass and leaf biomass.For A.desertorum populations, biomass component and growth situation can be similar or different both within and between habitat, which is controlled by the interaction between environmental and genetic factors.
2017, 37(2): 135-141.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.022
Abstract：
In order to get better understanding of the ant diversity of tropical forest ecosystem in western Yunnan, the ant diversity in Tongbiguan Natural Reserve and adjacent area is measured through sample-plot method.The results show that 130 species belonging to 49 genera and 10 subfamilies are recorded.Main indices of ant communities from 22 sample plots are as follow, species number 0-39(average 17.6), individual density 0.0-525.2 heads/m2(average 109.2 heads/m2), diversity index 0.000 0-2.629 2(average 1.535 5), evenness index 0.362 7-0.772 3(average 0.544 6), dominant index 0.101 8-1.000 0(average 0.322 6).Similarity coefficients between ant communities are 0.000 0-0.307 7, which represent extremely dissimilar to moderately dissimilar level.We conclude that main indices of ant communities express multi-domain effect phenomena on the base-domain effect background, which indicates that there are assemblages of north tropical, south subtropical and middle subtropical ant species distributes on the vertical band of the mountain.These assemblages of ant species have different conservation value.Ant species richness and diversity are commonly influenced by latitude and altitude.There are more ant species lives in the low latitude and altitude area, as the latitude and altitude increasing, ant species richness and diversity decrease.Ant communities on the middle and low section of the mountains at Tongbiguan Nature Reserve and adjacent area are commonly deeply disturbed by human activity, which need pay sufficient attention in conservation.
In order to get better understanding of the ant diversity of tropical forest ecosystem in western Yunnan, the ant diversity in Tongbiguan Natural Reserve and adjacent area is measured through sample-plot method.The results show that 130 species belonging to 49 genera and 10 subfamilies are recorded.Main indices of ant communities from 22 sample plots are as follow, species number 0-39(average 17.6), individual density 0.0-525.2 heads/m2(average 109.2 heads/m2), diversity index 0.000 0-2.629 2(average 1.535 5), evenness index 0.362 7-0.772 3(average 0.544 6), dominant index 0.101 8-1.000 0(average 0.322 6).Similarity coefficients between ant communities are 0.000 0-0.307 7, which represent extremely dissimilar to moderately dissimilar level.We conclude that main indices of ant communities express multi-domain effect phenomena on the base-domain effect background, which indicates that there are assemblages of north tropical, south subtropical and middle subtropical ant species distributes on the vertical band of the mountain.These assemblages of ant species have different conservation value.Ant species richness and diversity are commonly influenced by latitude and altitude.There are more ant species lives in the low latitude and altitude area, as the latitude and altitude increasing, ant species richness and diversity decrease.Ant communities on the middle and low section of the mountains at Tongbiguan Nature Reserve and adjacent area are commonly deeply disturbed by human activity, which need pay sufficient attention in conservation.
2017, 37(2): 142-147.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.023
Abstract：
Taking before and after the adjust planning of the Central Sandu′ao Wetland Waterfowl Mangrove Nature Reserve as the research object, we built four different and complementary index systems based on monitor data and field investigation, which were coverage rate, ecological efficiency assessment, management efficiency assessment and detail monitoring degree.The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to explore the protection effect of before and after adjustment plan in this reserve.The results showed that this reserve faced some serious problems such as outdated monitoring system, poor management and the destruction of wetland mangroves before the adjustment plan.However, the values of some indices improved obviously after the adjustment plan, including detailed monitoring, management behavior, mangrove wetland ecosystem and human disturbance, etc.According the comprehensive evaluation, the protection effect was moderate before the adjustment plan, while it was good after the adjustment.This indicated that the adjustment plan was reasonable, improved the ecological environment and effective management in this reserve.
Taking before and after the adjust planning of the Central Sandu′ao Wetland Waterfowl Mangrove Nature Reserve as the research object, we built four different and complementary index systems based on monitor data and field investigation, which were coverage rate, ecological efficiency assessment, management efficiency assessment and detail monitoring degree.The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to explore the protection effect of before and after adjustment plan in this reserve.The results showed that this reserve faced some serious problems such as outdated monitoring system, poor management and the destruction of wetland mangroves before the adjustment plan.However, the values of some indices improved obviously after the adjustment plan, including detailed monitoring, management behavior, mangrove wetland ecosystem and human disturbance, etc.According the comprehensive evaluation, the protection effect was moderate before the adjustment plan, while it was good after the adjustment.This indicated that the adjustment plan was reasonable, improved the ecological environment and effective management in this reserve.
2017, 37(2): 148-151.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.024
Abstract：
In order to provide a new way to preventing the Cladosporium red spot, it was significant to study of the effect of plant disease inducers on resistance induction against red spot of Paeonia delavayi.3 kinds of plant disease inducers that include Harpin, BTH and SA were been resistance test to red spot and the index of infection index, induced-resistance effects and related physiological and enzyme activity indexes were determined.The results showed that the 3 kinds of inducers had significant induced-resistance effects on the red spot and the infection index was dramatic decline.The optimal inducer was BTH and the best concentration was 100 mg/L that induced-resistance effect to the red spot was to be 68.27%.The indexes of SAFR and MDA were dramatic decline, but the indexes of soluble protein, Pigment and related enzymes activity were obviously higher than those control processing, what were closely related with resistance induction to the red spot.Three kinds of inducers hadn′t toxic activity to the Cladosporium paeoniae and could lead P.delavayi to produce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) effectively, which mechanism would have to be further studied.
In order to provide a new way to preventing the Cladosporium red spot, it was significant to study of the effect of plant disease inducers on resistance induction against red spot of Paeonia delavayi.3 kinds of plant disease inducers that include Harpin, BTH and SA were been resistance test to red spot and the index of infection index, induced-resistance effects and related physiological and enzyme activity indexes were determined.The results showed that the 3 kinds of inducers had significant induced-resistance effects on the red spot and the infection index was dramatic decline.The optimal inducer was BTH and the best concentration was 100 mg/L that induced-resistance effect to the red spot was to be 68.27%.The indexes of SAFR and MDA were dramatic decline, but the indexes of soluble protein, Pigment and related enzymes activity were obviously higher than those control processing, what were closely related with resistance induction to the red spot.Three kinds of inducers hadn′t toxic activity to the Cladosporium paeoniae and could lead P.delavayi to produce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) effectively, which mechanism would have to be further studied.
Abstract：
Pathogen of coffee tree brown leaf spot were identified by means of isolation culture, pathogenicity test, and the combination of morphology and molecular biology identification.At the same time, the investigation of occurrence and varieties resistance on coffee brown spot disease were carried out.The results showed that morphological characteristics of 3 pathogenic strains from coffee leaf samples in different places were the same.CCYN05 and CCHN05 were purified, and 2 strains were the same pathogen by rDNA-ITS sequence alignment and analysis.And combined with morphology characteristics, the results revealed that this disease was caused by Cercospora coffeicola.The brown spot disease resistances of 5 Arabica coffee tree varieties were investigated in the field, there were no immune varieties and disease-resistant varieties.The disease resistances sequences were as following:Catuaí Regional, Caturra, Catuaí44, Catimor, Villa Sarchí.
Pathogen of coffee tree brown leaf spot were identified by means of isolation culture, pathogenicity test, and the combination of morphology and molecular biology identification.At the same time, the investigation of occurrence and varieties resistance on coffee brown spot disease were carried out.The results showed that morphological characteristics of 3 pathogenic strains from coffee leaf samples in different places were the same.CCYN05 and CCHN05 were purified, and 2 strains were the same pathogen by rDNA-ITS sequence alignment and analysis.And combined with morphology characteristics, the results revealed that this disease was caused by Cercospora coffeicola.The brown spot disease resistances of 5 Arabica coffee tree varieties were investigated in the field, there were no immune varieties and disease-resistant varieties.The disease resistances sequences were as following:Catuaí Regional, Caturra, Catuaí44, Catimor, Villa Sarchí.
Abstract：
In this study, low-temperature preserved of Cytospora chrysosperma in paraffin oil from 1986s and preserved in test-tube bevel from 2009s, were tested for their viability and pathogenicity.The results showed that the average viability index of C.chrysosperma preserved by paraffin oil was 33.3%, the average viability index of the strain preserved by test-tube bevel was 10.0%.Therefore, the longest preservation time was 29 years by paraffin oil in low-temperature.The test-tube bevel preservation also has a higher survival rate.There were some differences in the pathogenicity of the 2 methods for the preservation of C.chrysosperma.The pathogenicity of the strains of low temperature preservation by paraffin oil were higher than that of test-tube bevel.In the field, the incidence disease of Populus bolleana was up to 40%, while inoculated with strains of low temperature preservation by paraffin oil.
In this study, low-temperature preserved of Cytospora chrysosperma in paraffin oil from 1986s and preserved in test-tube bevel from 2009s, were tested for their viability and pathogenicity.The results showed that the average viability index of C.chrysosperma preserved by paraffin oil was 33.3%, the average viability index of the strain preserved by test-tube bevel was 10.0%.Therefore, the longest preservation time was 29 years by paraffin oil in low-temperature.The test-tube bevel preservation also has a higher survival rate.There were some differences in the pathogenicity of the 2 methods for the preservation of C.chrysosperma.The pathogenicity of the strains of low temperature preservation by paraffin oil were higher than that of test-tube bevel.In the field, the incidence disease of Populus bolleana was up to 40%, while inoculated with strains of low temperature preservation by paraffin oil.
2017, 37(2): 163-170.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.027
Abstract：
In this paper, the typical Minqin oasis were taken as research area.Based on GF-1 images as data sources, and using vegetation coverage estimation model, the vegetation coverage from 2013 to 2015 were estimated and classified, the spatio-temporal variation rules of different vegetation coverage were quantitative studied.Analysis showed that the vegetation coverage of Minqin Oasis remained stable during the 3 study years and that of the extremely low covered vegetation, called Class Ⅰ, increased from 76.9% in 2013 to 83.9% in 2015.Low covered vegetation that called Class Ⅱ and high covered vegetation that was defined as Class Ⅳ was respectively reduced by 6.8% and 1.9%.The intermediate covered vegetation, named Class Ⅲ increased by 1.7%.In a whole, under the premise of the overall stability of vegetation coverage, due to the serious impact of human activities, a few parts of wild black Chinese wolfberry and other rare medicinal herbs growing areas′ vegetation coverage were decreased significantly.
In this paper, the typical Minqin oasis were taken as research area.Based on GF-1 images as data sources, and using vegetation coverage estimation model, the vegetation coverage from 2013 to 2015 were estimated and classified, the spatio-temporal variation rules of different vegetation coverage were quantitative studied.Analysis showed that the vegetation coverage of Minqin Oasis remained stable during the 3 study years and that of the extremely low covered vegetation, called Class Ⅰ, increased from 76.9% in 2013 to 83.9% in 2015.Low covered vegetation that called Class Ⅱ and high covered vegetation that was defined as Class Ⅳ was respectively reduced by 6.8% and 1.9%.The intermediate covered vegetation, named Class Ⅲ increased by 1.7%.In a whole, under the premise of the overall stability of vegetation coverage, due to the serious impact of human activities, a few parts of wild black Chinese wolfberry and other rare medicinal herbs growing areas′ vegetation coverage were decreased significantly.
2017, 37(2): 171-178.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.028
Abstract：
Taken Akesu river basin in Xinjiang Province as the study area, remote sensing and GIS technologies were used to reconstruct the Landsat TM/ETM/OLI remote sensing images in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. The changes of cultivated land in Akesu river basin during the past 16 years were analyzed from the dynamic changes of cultivated land area, barycentric migraton of the cultivated land, landscape pattern change of cultivated land, etc., respectively. And the influence of population growth, socieconomic growth, and water conservancy construction on cultivated land change was also analyzed. The results showed that the cultivated land area continued to increase, and the increased area in different regions varied, the lower reaches increased most, then was the upper reaches, the middle reaches increased the least. The focus of the cultivated land of different regions in different period has shifted to different directions, specifically as the upper reaches have shifted to the east, the middle reaches have shifted to the south, and the lower reaches have shifted to the north. The cultivated landscapes were characterized from separated into continuous land patches, the area of cultivated land patches have become bigger in past periods and the landscape heterogeneity declined. Population and socioeconomic growth were the major reasons for the continued expansion of cultivated land in Akesu river basin, and the construction of the water conservancy facilities ensured the irrigation of the increasing cultivated land.
Taken Akesu river basin in Xinjiang Province as the study area, remote sensing and GIS technologies were used to reconstruct the Landsat TM/ETM/OLI remote sensing images in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. The changes of cultivated land in Akesu river basin during the past 16 years were analyzed from the dynamic changes of cultivated land area, barycentric migraton of the cultivated land, landscape pattern change of cultivated land, etc., respectively. And the influence of population growth, socieconomic growth, and water conservancy construction on cultivated land change was also analyzed. The results showed that the cultivated land area continued to increase, and the increased area in different regions varied, the lower reaches increased most, then was the upper reaches, the middle reaches increased the least. The focus of the cultivated land of different regions in different period has shifted to different directions, specifically as the upper reaches have shifted to the east, the middle reaches have shifted to the south, and the lower reaches have shifted to the north. The cultivated landscapes were characterized from separated into continuous land patches, the area of cultivated land patches have become bigger in past periods and the landscape heterogeneity declined. Population and socioeconomic growth were the major reasons for the continued expansion of cultivated land in Akesu river basin, and the construction of the water conservancy facilities ensured the irrigation of the increasing cultivated land.
2017, 37(2): 179-183.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.029
Abstract：
Based on data from the 8th national continuous forest inventories (CFI), the carbon density and carbon storage of forest in Sichuan Province were estimated with the Variable Biomass Extension Factor Method. Results indicated that till the 8th forest inventory, the forest biomass of Sichuan Province was 1 331.66 Mt, and the total carbon storage of forest vegetation of Sichuan Province was 729.05 Mt, the average carbon density of stand was 56.84 t/hm2, the average carbon density of forest vegetation was 43.26 t/hm2. Coniferous forest has the greatest contribution to carbon storage of all types of forest in Sichuan Province. Over mature forest and mature forest play an important role in carbon storage. Young and middle-aged forest area account for 42.67% of the stands area of forest, which indicated that the forest resources in Sichuan vegetation tend to be younger, and have enormous development potential. With the growth of stand age, carbon density of stand and unit stock volume of each age group was gradually increasing.
Based on data from the 8th national continuous forest inventories (CFI), the carbon density and carbon storage of forest in Sichuan Province were estimated with the Variable Biomass Extension Factor Method. Results indicated that till the 8th forest inventory, the forest biomass of Sichuan Province was 1 331.66 Mt, and the total carbon storage of forest vegetation of Sichuan Province was 729.05 Mt, the average carbon density of stand was 56.84 t/hm2, the average carbon density of forest vegetation was 43.26 t/hm2. Coniferous forest has the greatest contribution to carbon storage of all types of forest in Sichuan Province. Over mature forest and mature forest play an important role in carbon storage. Young and middle-aged forest area account for 42.67% of the stands area of forest, which indicated that the forest resources in Sichuan vegetation tend to be younger, and have enormous development potential. With the growth of stand age, carbon density of stand and unit stock volume of each age group was gradually increasing.
2017, 37(2): 184-191.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.030
Abstract：
The effects of wood fibre (WF) size on isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization morphology and capacity of PLA in WF/PLA composites were investigated with differerntial scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarising optical microscopy (POM). It was found that wood fibres with different size had different effects on the melting temperature, crystallinity and crystal growth rate of PLA in WF/PLA composites during isothermal crystallization process. The melting peak of PLA component shifted to higher temperature by increasing fibre size. The middle size WF (diameter=0.012-0.050 mm, length =0.3-4.0 mm) could promote heterogeneous nucleation of PLA, increased crystal growth rate and crystallinity of PLA in composites. But the large size WF (diameter=0.07-0.50 mm, length=2-10 mm) would hinder crystal growth, then reduce crystallinity. On non-isothermal crystallization phase the results show that proper WF size could increase the overall crystallinity, melting peak temperature and crystallization temperature. But the large size WF (diameter=0.07-0.50 mm, length=2-10 mm) is too big to promote crystal growth. POM shows WF as a sort of heterogeneous nucleating agent could promote nucleus forming at the WF surface and confirmed the large WF would hinder crystal growth.
The effects of wood fibre (WF) size on isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization morphology and capacity of PLA in WF/PLA composites were investigated with differerntial scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarising optical microscopy (POM). It was found that wood fibres with different size had different effects on the melting temperature, crystallinity and crystal growth rate of PLA in WF/PLA composites during isothermal crystallization process. The melting peak of PLA component shifted to higher temperature by increasing fibre size. The middle size WF (diameter=0.012-0.050 mm, length =0.3-4.0 mm) could promote heterogeneous nucleation of PLA, increased crystal growth rate and crystallinity of PLA in composites. But the large size WF (diameter=0.07-0.50 mm, length=2-10 mm) would hinder crystal growth, then reduce crystallinity. On non-isothermal crystallization phase the results show that proper WF size could increase the overall crystallinity, melting peak temperature and crystallization temperature. But the large size WF (diameter=0.07-0.50 mm, length=2-10 mm) is too big to promote crystal growth. POM shows WF as a sort of heterogeneous nucleating agent could promote nucleus forming at the WF surface and confirmed the large WF would hinder crystal growth.
2017, 37(2): 192-196.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.031
Abstract：
Polyurethane prepolymers were synthesized by isocyanate and polyol, and a series of polyurethane (PU) elastomers were synthesized at room temperature, research the effect of different NCO/OH molar ratio (R value) and Polyol Molecular Weight on porperty of polyurethane elastomers on the basis of without small molecule chain extender and catalyst. The polyurethane elastomers were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (Tg) and mechanical performance test. The reaearch showed that with the increasement of R value, thermal stability of polyurethane elastomers increased and then decreased, tensile strength of polyurethane elastomers decreased and then increased. With the increasement of polyol molecular weight, thermal stability of polyurethane elastomers increased and then decreased, tensile strength of polyurethane elastomers decreased gradually.
Polyurethane prepolymers were synthesized by isocyanate and polyol, and a series of polyurethane (PU) elastomers were synthesized at room temperature, research the effect of different NCO/OH molar ratio (R value) and Polyol Molecular Weight on porperty of polyurethane elastomers on the basis of without small molecule chain extender and catalyst. The polyurethane elastomers were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (Tg) and mechanical performance test. The reaearch showed that with the increasement of R value, thermal stability of polyurethane elastomers increased and then decreased, tensile strength of polyurethane elastomers decreased and then increased. With the increasement of polyol molecular weight, thermal stability of polyurethane elastomers increased and then decreased, tensile strength of polyurethane elastomers decreased gradually.
Abstract：
The flammability and pyrolysis characteristics of ammonium borate trihydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate in poplar veneer were analyzed by using of the limiting oxygen index, horizontal and vertical burning tests, thermos-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the flame retardancy of diammonium hydrogen phosphate was better than ammonium borate trihydrate. The obvious synergistic effects between diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium borate trihydrate were found, the oxygen index and the remaining amount of carbon residue could approach to 61% and 53.5%, respectively, using 20% concentration treatment, it also exhibits superior flame retardancy at horizontal and vertical burning tests. Moreover, the onset decomposition temperature, peak decomposition temperature and activation energy of each stage were reduced, with the addition of the composite flame retardant, the SEM images indicating protective chars formed from the treated wood, terminating the transmission of heat and oxygen.
The flammability and pyrolysis characteristics of ammonium borate trihydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate in poplar veneer were analyzed by using of the limiting oxygen index, horizontal and vertical burning tests, thermos-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the flame retardancy of diammonium hydrogen phosphate was better than ammonium borate trihydrate. The obvious synergistic effects between diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium borate trihydrate were found, the oxygen index and the remaining amount of carbon residue could approach to 61% and 53.5%, respectively, using 20% concentration treatment, it also exhibits superior flame retardancy at horizontal and vertical burning tests. Moreover, the onset decomposition temperature, peak decomposition temperature and activation energy of each stage were reduced, with the addition of the composite flame retardant, the SEM images indicating protective chars formed from the treated wood, terminating the transmission of heat and oxygen.
Abstract：
Analyzing the microstructure of reinforceming ancient wood with scanning electron microscope and fluorescence microscopy. Analyzing the mechanism of Haimenkou sites water archeological wood combining the X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that phenolic resin has been filled in the archeological wood cell walls mainly, very few of the phenolic resin be filled in the cell cavity. The cellulose crystallinity of reinforcing archeological wood has improved. The phenolic resin immersed in the archeological wood has solidifed a certain degree, but which still didn't form a large number of three-dimensional body-type phenolic resin.
Analyzing the microstructure of reinforceming ancient wood with scanning electron microscope and fluorescence microscopy. Analyzing the mechanism of Haimenkou sites water archeological wood combining the X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that phenolic resin has been filled in the archeological wood cell walls mainly, very few of the phenolic resin be filled in the cell cavity. The cellulose crystallinity of reinforcing archeological wood has improved. The phenolic resin immersed in the archeological wood has solidifed a certain degree, but which still didn't form a large number of three-dimensional body-type phenolic resin.
2017, 37(2): 209-215.
DOI: 10.11929/j.issn.2095-1914.2017.02.034
Abstract：
Using the content of (-)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-(-)- epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (1), the main degradative product of polymeric proanthocyanidins (PPC) from Chaenomeles cathayensis with tea polyphenols (TP) as an indicator, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, PPC/TP ratio and HCl concentration on the content of 1 were investigated by single factor experiment, and the degradative process was opyimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum degradation condition of PPC were established as 70 ℃ of reaction temperature, 81.5 min of reaction time, 1.5:1 of PPC/TP ratio and 1% of HCl concentration. Under this optimal condition, the actual content of 1 was 601.093 g/mL that was close to the theoretic value (606.103 g/mL), indicated that the response surface method to optimize the degradative process of PPC from C.cathayensis was feasible.
Using the content of (-)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-(-)- epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (1), the main degradative product of polymeric proanthocyanidins (PPC) from Chaenomeles cathayensis with tea polyphenols (TP) as an indicator, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, PPC/TP ratio and HCl concentration on the content of 1 were investigated by single factor experiment, and the degradative process was opyimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum degradation condition of PPC were established as 70 ℃ of reaction temperature, 81.5 min of reaction time, 1.5:1 of PPC/TP ratio and 1% of HCl concentration. Under this optimal condition, the actual content of 1 was 601.093 g/mL that was close to the theoretic value (606.103 g/mL), indicated that the response surface method to optimize the degradative process of PPC from C.cathayensis was feasible.
Abstract：
The optimized extraction conditions of flavonoids from Eupatorium adenophorum were studied by single experiment and response surface methodology. Based on single experiment and the Box-Behnken design principles, regression model of extraction of flavonoids from E.adenophorum were established. The results showed that regression equation was R1=1.42 + 0.050A - 0.054B + 0.073C - 0.030AB + 0.016BC - 0.013A2. The optimal extraction conditions were ethanol concentration of 53.66%, extraction time of 35 min and solid to liquid ratio of 1 : 30, the yield of flavonoids was 1.612%.
The optimized extraction conditions of flavonoids from Eupatorium adenophorum were studied by single experiment and response surface methodology. Based on single experiment and the Box-Behnken design principles, regression model of extraction of flavonoids from E.adenophorum were established. The results showed that regression equation was R1=1.42 + 0.050A - 0.054B + 0.073C - 0.030AB + 0.016BC - 0.013A2. The optimal extraction conditions were ethanol concentration of 53.66%, extraction time of 35 min and solid to liquid ratio of 1 : 30, the yield of flavonoids was 1.612%.
