中文 
English Current Articles
Display Method: |
2024, 44(2): 1-10.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303012
Abstract:
With the branches of Quercus mongolica as panicle materials, different kinds and concentrations of exogenous growth substances, different substrates and different layering patterns were applied to determine and analyze the panicle material growth, biomass and rooting characteristics in order to select the optimal exogenous growth substance species and concentrations, substrate composition and layering methods. It was revealed that both potassium indolebutyrate and ABT1 significantly promoted the rooting of layered panicle material of Q. mongolica, but there were some differences. The biomass of roots, stems, leaves and single plants treated with 10000 mg/L ABT1(12# ) were 4.07 times, 1.57 times, 1.29 times and 1.48 times, respectively that of those treated with 5000 mg/L potassium indolebutyrate(5#) . The rooting rate, rooting amount and longest root length were 1.9 times, 3.16 times and 1.47 times higher than those treated with 5#, respectively. Moreover, the partial root rate of those undergoing 12# treatment was only 38.79 %. It was noted that ABT1 was more suitable as a rooting accelerator for layered panicle materials of Q. mongolica and the rooting rate, rooting amount and longest root length of layered panicle materials of Quercus mongolica reached 23.84%, 7.05 and 16.71 cm, respectively when treated with 10000 mg/L. The plant height, ground diameter, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, biomass per plant, rooting rate, longest root length and partial root rate of those undergoing 14# treatment(the mixture of river sand and garden soil in equal volume ratio as the substrate) were superior to those treated with other substrates. Thus, it was a suitable substrate for Q. mongolica layering. Those in the transverse stricture treatment group rooted, but not in the non-transverse stricture treatment group, indicating that the transverse stricture was very important for the rooting of layered panicle material of Q. mongolica. The plant height, ground diameter, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, single plant biomass, rooting rate, rooting amount and longest root diameter of those treated with upright layering method (4# treatment) were higher than those treated with lodging layering method (15# treatment). Therefore, upright layering is suitable for layering of Q. mongolica.
With the branches of Quercus mongolica as panicle materials, different kinds and concentrations of exogenous growth substances, different substrates and different layering patterns were applied to determine and analyze the panicle material growth, biomass and rooting characteristics in order to select the optimal exogenous growth substance species and concentrations, substrate composition and layering methods. It was revealed that both potassium indolebutyrate and ABT1 significantly promoted the rooting of layered panicle material of Q. mongolica, but there were some differences. The biomass of roots, stems, leaves and single plants treated with 10000 mg/L ABT1(12# ) were 4.07 times, 1.57 times, 1.29 times and 1.48 times, respectively that of those treated with 5000 mg/L potassium indolebutyrate(5#) . The rooting rate, rooting amount and longest root length were 1.9 times, 3.16 times and 1.47 times higher than those treated with 5#, respectively. Moreover, the partial root rate of those undergoing 12# treatment was only 38.79 %. It was noted that ABT1 was more suitable as a rooting accelerator for layered panicle materials of Q. mongolica and the rooting rate, rooting amount and longest root length of layered panicle materials of Quercus mongolica reached 23.84%, 7.05 and 16.71 cm, respectively when treated with 10000 mg/L. The plant height, ground diameter, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, biomass per plant, rooting rate, longest root length and partial root rate of those undergoing 14# treatment(the mixture of river sand and garden soil in equal volume ratio as the substrate) were superior to those treated with other substrates. Thus, it was a suitable substrate for Q. mongolica layering. Those in the transverse stricture treatment group rooted, but not in the non-transverse stricture treatment group, indicating that the transverse stricture was very important for the rooting of layered panicle material of Q. mongolica. The plant height, ground diameter, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, single plant biomass, rooting rate, rooting amount and longest root diameter of those treated with upright layering method (4# treatment) were higher than those treated with lodging layering method (15# treatment). Therefore, upright layering is suitable for layering of Q. mongolica.
2024, 44(2): 11-19.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202211039
Abstract:
The biomass, leaf SP content, MDA content, SOD activity, and POD activity of plants at different stages were measured to analyze their physiological responses to flooding stress and exogenous 6-BA by simulating flooding with exogenous 6-BA treatment in pots using annual Salix matsudana × alba cuttings as the material. The findings indicated that the SP content of leaves under flooding stress showed a decreasing trend and reduced photosynthetic product accumulation, the antioxidant enzyme activity increased and then decreased, and the MDA content increased significantly at 45 d. Exogenous 6-BA had a significant effect on photosynthetic product accumulation and protective enzyme system of plants under stress. The study showed that the annual Salix hybrid showed strong tolerance to flooding, and the spraying of 6-BA at a concentration of 30 mg/L in the first and middle stages had a significant effect on improving photosynthetic product accumulation and enhancing the leaf protective enzyme system.
The biomass, leaf SP content, MDA content, SOD activity, and POD activity of plants at different stages were measured to analyze their physiological responses to flooding stress and exogenous 6-BA by simulating flooding with exogenous 6-BA treatment in pots using annual Salix matsudana × alba cuttings as the material. The findings indicated that the SP content of leaves under flooding stress showed a decreasing trend and reduced photosynthetic product accumulation, the antioxidant enzyme activity increased and then decreased, and the MDA content increased significantly at 45 d. Exogenous 6-BA had a significant effect on photosynthetic product accumulation and protective enzyme system of plants under stress. The study showed that the annual Salix hybrid showed strong tolerance to flooding, and the spraying of 6-BA at a concentration of 30 mg/L in the first and middle stages had a significant effect on improving photosynthetic product accumulation and enhancing the leaf protective enzyme system.
2024, 44(2): 20-26.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303040
Abstract:
The callus induction and plant regeneration of grape hyacinth was carried out, utilizing the flower buds and leaves of Muscari armeniacum as explants. The results show that the best medium for callus induction and proliferation was MS + 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/L 6-BA, and the callus induction rate was 100%. After 35 days of subculture, there was no significant difference on callus proliferation in different medium formulations. Meanwhile, liquid culture and light culture were beneficial to the proliferation of calli. After 4 cycles of the subculture of 1 g M. armeniacum flower and leaf-derived callus, the maximum average fresh weight was 10.36 ± 1.13 g and 10.55 ± 2.29 g. The results showed that different media formulations had no significant effect on flower and leaf-derived callus proliferation in M. armeniacum, and both liquid culture and light culture were beneficial to callus proliferation. Furthermore, embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus could be regenerated to plants by somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, respectively. The regeneration rates were all 100%.
The callus induction and plant regeneration of grape hyacinth was carried out, utilizing the flower buds and leaves of Muscari armeniacum as explants. The results show that the best medium for callus induction and proliferation was MS + 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/L 6-BA, and the callus induction rate was 100%. After 35 days of subculture, there was no significant difference on callus proliferation in different medium formulations. Meanwhile, liquid culture and light culture were beneficial to the proliferation of calli. After 4 cycles of the subculture of 1 g M. armeniacum flower and leaf-derived callus, the maximum average fresh weight was 10.36 ± 1.13 g and 10.55 ± 2.29 g. The results showed that different media formulations had no significant effect on flower and leaf-derived callus proliferation in M. armeniacum, and both liquid culture and light culture were beneficial to callus proliferation. Furthermore, embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus could be regenerated to plants by somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, respectively. The regeneration rates were all 100%.
2024, 44(2): 27-35.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202211076
Abstract:
Based on existing species records and environmental variables, the MaxEnt model was used to predict the past, present and future potential suitable areas for Ilex macrocarpa, I. micrococca and I. rotunda. The results showed that the minimum temperature in the coldest month, average range of daily temperature and soil type were the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of the 3 species of Ilex. The suitable area of I. macrocarpa will decrease by 30.27% from present to 2070; the suitable area of I. micrococca will decrease by 8.59% from present to 2070; the suitable area of I. rotunda will decrease by about 6.43% from present and 2070. In the future, the distribution of I. macrocarpa and I. micrococca will expand to the north, but there is no obvious expansion of I. rotunda. Overall, global climate change has led to the reduction of the suitable areas for the 3 species of Ilex, and effective management strategies are needed to cope with this change.
Based on existing species records and environmental variables, the MaxEnt model was used to predict the past, present and future potential suitable areas for Ilex macrocarpa, I. micrococca and I. rotunda. The results showed that the minimum temperature in the coldest month, average range of daily temperature and soil type were the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of the 3 species of Ilex. The suitable area of I. macrocarpa will decrease by 30.27% from present to 2070; the suitable area of I. micrococca will decrease by 8.59% from present to 2070; the suitable area of I. rotunda will decrease by about 6.43% from present and 2070. In the future, the distribution of I. macrocarpa and I. micrococca will expand to the north, but there is no obvious expansion of I. rotunda. Overall, global climate change has led to the reduction of the suitable areas for the 3 species of Ilex, and effective management strategies are needed to cope with this change.
2024, 44(2): 36-41.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202302025
Abstract:
The effect of shading rate changes on the quality of one-year Malania oleifera seedlings was studied using 3 shading conditions: 80%, 40%, and no shading(0%), using different light intensities generated by shading nets. The results showed that as the shading rate increased, the seedling ground diameter, leaf number, main root length, primary root number, primary root length, and biomass of each organ first increased and then decreased; there are significant differences(P<0.05) in biomass allocation among different organs of M. oleifera seedlings under different shading rates. This is reflected in the fact that when the shading rate is 80%, the aboveground biomass is more allocated and less allocated to the root system. As the shading rate decreases, M. oleifera seedlings choose to prioritize root growth; a high shading rate can limit the growth of the root system of M. oleifera seedlings, while conversely, it can make it difficult for the aboveground parts to develop. When the shading rate is 40%, the development of M. oleifera seedlings is balanced and the quality is the best.
The effect of shading rate changes on the quality of one-year Malania oleifera seedlings was studied using 3 shading conditions: 80%, 40%, and no shading(0%), using different light intensities generated by shading nets. The results showed that as the shading rate increased, the seedling ground diameter, leaf number, main root length, primary root number, primary root length, and biomass of each organ first increased and then decreased; there are significant differences(P<0.05) in biomass allocation among different organs of M. oleifera seedlings under different shading rates. This is reflected in the fact that when the shading rate is 80%, the aboveground biomass is more allocated and less allocated to the root system. As the shading rate decreases, M. oleifera seedlings choose to prioritize root growth; a high shading rate can limit the growth of the root system of M. oleifera seedlings, while conversely, it can make it difficult for the aboveground parts to develop. When the shading rate is 40%, the development of M. oleifera seedlings is balanced and the quality is the best.
2024, 44(2): 42-51.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303036
Abstract:
In order to understand the growth process of Altingia excelsa plantation, individual log scaling of 21-year-old A. excelsa plantation were conducted in 2021. Using diameter as the criterion for selecting standard trees, 1 tree was selected from each planting density in the southwest slope, while 3 trees were selected from each planting density in the south slope. Standard trees were chosen as analytical trees to analyze the differences in forest growth among different slope aspects and planting densities. The results showed that mean diameters at the breast height(DBHs), tree heights(THs) and volume of TCs consisted with different slope directions and planting densities for the 21-year-old stand trees were 17.60–20.78 cm, 25.73–28.51 m and 0.3186–0.4293 m3, respectively, and the trees were still in vigorous growth stage; there were significant differences of all above parameters between the TCs. The fast-growing periods of the DBH, TH and volume were presented in the ages for 1–9, 1–10 and 8–16 years old with the maximum current growth of which 2.19 cm/year, 2.74 m/year and 4.3966 × 10−2 m3/year, respectively. Slope direction, density and their interaction significantly affected the growth of A. excelsa stand trees. A. excelsa belongs to tree species of the long-lived and large-diameter timber in the topical and south-subtropical area. Its fast-growing period lasts for a long time, and its growth is more sensitive to the site and density. It is should to select the most suitable site and planting density for establishing A. excelsa plantation with high-quality and high-efficiency, and dynamically regulate stand density on due time. Comprehensively, the initial planting density will ultimately affected the volume by affecting the growth of tree heights, and the south slope was selected to match 3 m × 2 m × 5 m uneven row spacing could achieved the maximum volume of individual tree, which suggested to be applied to site selection and density control of high-quality and efficient plantation establishment of A. excelsa in the production practice.
In order to understand the growth process of Altingia excelsa plantation, individual log scaling of 21-year-old A. excelsa plantation were conducted in 2021. Using diameter as the criterion for selecting standard trees, 1 tree was selected from each planting density in the southwest slope, while 3 trees were selected from each planting density in the south slope. Standard trees were chosen as analytical trees to analyze the differences in forest growth among different slope aspects and planting densities. The results showed that mean diameters at the breast height(DBHs), tree heights(THs) and volume of TCs consisted with different slope directions and planting densities for the 21-year-old stand trees were 17.60–20.78 cm, 25.73–28.51 m and 0.3186–0.4293 m3, respectively, and the trees were still in vigorous growth stage; there were significant differences of all above parameters between the TCs. The fast-growing periods of the DBH, TH and volume were presented in the ages for 1–9, 1–10 and 8–16 years old with the maximum current growth of which 2.19 cm/year, 2.74 m/year and 4.3966 × 10−2 m3/year, respectively. Slope direction, density and their interaction significantly affected the growth of A. excelsa stand trees. A. excelsa belongs to tree species of the long-lived and large-diameter timber in the topical and south-subtropical area. Its fast-growing period lasts for a long time, and its growth is more sensitive to the site and density. It is should to select the most suitable site and planting density for establishing A. excelsa plantation with high-quality and high-efficiency, and dynamically regulate stand density on due time. Comprehensively, the initial planting density will ultimately affected the volume by affecting the growth of tree heights, and the south slope was selected to match 3 m × 2 m × 5 m uneven row spacing could achieved the maximum volume of individual tree, which suggested to be applied to site selection and density control of high-quality and efficient plantation establishment of A. excelsa in the production practice.
2024, 44(2): 52-59.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202304010
Abstract:
The variation in seedling height, ground diameter growth and the variation in anisotropic growth indices of 1–3a Pinus yunnanensis seedlings from different seed sources were studied to gain insight into the differentiation variation characteristics and anisotropic growth relationships of P. yunnanensis seedling growth among seed sources.Statistical analysis and allometric growth relationship analysis were conducted on the growth of 1–3 years old P. yunnanensis seedlings in terms of height and ground diameter. A comparison was made between the growth differentiation characteristics and the allometric growth index of P. yunnanensis seedlings at different ages from 3 different provenances.The results showed that the seedling height and ground diameter of P. yunnanensis seedlings varied significantly among provenances at different seedling ages, and the variation degree of traits decreased with the growth of seedling ages, and there was a very significant correlation between traits. The variation coefficient of seedling height within provenances first increased and then decreased with the increase of seedling age, with the overall fluctuation range of 32%–50%, and the overall fluctuation range of ground diameter variation coefficient was 33%–48%, which showed a decreasing trend with the increase of seedling age. Both traits were dominated by the variation within provenances, and the factors within provenances of the variation sources were weakened with the increase of seedling age. There was abundant variation among different provenances, among which, the mean coefficient of variation of seedling height growth of Xinping provenances was 46%, higher than that of the other 2 provenances. There was a significant allometric growth phenomenon among P. yunnanensis seedlings of different provenances and different seedling ages, and the allometric growth index was variable. There were abundant differentiation and variation in seedling height and ground diameter, and the differentiation degree of characters was obviously affected by time. The 2 traits of the seedlings of different provenances are mainly intra-provenance variation, and the variation degree of the seedlings of different provenances is different. The seedlings of different ages will adjust their growth strategies according to their own growth conditions to adapt to the competition for resources. The allometric growth relationship of seedlings from different seed sources showed significant differences between different seedling ages, and the allometric growth index showed significant differences with common slope. With the increase of seedling ages, the allometric growth relationship model of seedlings from height to ground diameter changed from an elastic self-similar pseudo-model to a geometric similarity model, which was consistent with the result that the allometric growth index of small individual plants was close to 1. Allometric growth index changes with the growth of seedlings, but is not constant. Seedlings are affected by their own genetic quality and adaptability to the environment.
The variation in seedling height, ground diameter growth and the variation in anisotropic growth indices of 1–3a Pinus yunnanensis seedlings from different seed sources were studied to gain insight into the differentiation variation characteristics and anisotropic growth relationships of P. yunnanensis seedling growth among seed sources.Statistical analysis and allometric growth relationship analysis were conducted on the growth of 1–3 years old P. yunnanensis seedlings in terms of height and ground diameter. A comparison was made between the growth differentiation characteristics and the allometric growth index of P. yunnanensis seedlings at different ages from 3 different provenances.The results showed that the seedling height and ground diameter of P. yunnanensis seedlings varied significantly among provenances at different seedling ages, and the variation degree of traits decreased with the growth of seedling ages, and there was a very significant correlation between traits. The variation coefficient of seedling height within provenances first increased and then decreased with the increase of seedling age, with the overall fluctuation range of 32%–50%, and the overall fluctuation range of ground diameter variation coefficient was 33%–48%, which showed a decreasing trend with the increase of seedling age. Both traits were dominated by the variation within provenances, and the factors within provenances of the variation sources were weakened with the increase of seedling age. There was abundant variation among different provenances, among which, the mean coefficient of variation of seedling height growth of Xinping provenances was 46%, higher than that of the other 2 provenances. There was a significant allometric growth phenomenon among P. yunnanensis seedlings of different provenances and different seedling ages, and the allometric growth index was variable. There were abundant differentiation and variation in seedling height and ground diameter, and the differentiation degree of characters was obviously affected by time. The 2 traits of the seedlings of different provenances are mainly intra-provenance variation, and the variation degree of the seedlings of different provenances is different. The seedlings of different ages will adjust their growth strategies according to their own growth conditions to adapt to the competition for resources. The allometric growth relationship of seedlings from different seed sources showed significant differences between different seedling ages, and the allometric growth index showed significant differences with common slope. With the increase of seedling ages, the allometric growth relationship model of seedlings from height to ground diameter changed from an elastic self-similar pseudo-model to a geometric similarity model, which was consistent with the result that the allometric growth index of small individual plants was close to 1. Allometric growth index changes with the growth of seedlings, but is not constant. Seedlings are affected by their own genetic quality and adaptability to the environment.
2024, 44(2): 60-68.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303070
Abstract:
To investigate the effects of stand density on the crown structure and understory vegetation of 25-year-old Pinus massoniana plantation, experimental plots with different planting densities were selected in Zhenlong Forest Farm, Hengzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Single-factor analysis of variance(one-way ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, and redundancy analysis were employed to explore the influence of stand density on the growth, crown structure, and understory herbaceous diversity of P. massoniana. The results are as follows the stand density was in 2500 trees/ha−1–6000 trees/ha−1. With the increase of planting density, the canopy structure LAI of P. massoniana plantation community increased first and then remained unchanged, and gradually stabilized at DS2(3300 trees/ha−1). The scattered radiation and direct radiation of understory illumination were suitable for DS2. The understory herbaceous diversity indices, including the Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou evenness index, and Patrick index, showed no significant changes with variations in stand density in the P. massoniana plantation. However, there was a highly significant negative correlation between canopy openness of the community crown layer and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of understory herbaceous vegetation. In summary, the canopy structure of P. massoniana plantation community was better under the stand density of 3300 trees/ha−1, and the scattered radiation and direct radiation under the forest were conducive to the maintenance of undergrowth vegetation diversity, which was the reasonable forest density of P. massoniana plantations.
To investigate the effects of stand density on the crown structure and understory vegetation of 25-year-old Pinus massoniana plantation, experimental plots with different planting densities were selected in Zhenlong Forest Farm, Hengzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Single-factor analysis of variance(one-way ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, and redundancy analysis were employed to explore the influence of stand density on the growth, crown structure, and understory herbaceous diversity of P. massoniana. The results are as follows the stand density was in 2500 trees/ha−1–6000 trees/ha−1. With the increase of planting density, the canopy structure LAI of P. massoniana plantation community increased first and then remained unchanged, and gradually stabilized at DS2(3300 trees/ha−1). The scattered radiation and direct radiation of understory illumination were suitable for DS2. The understory herbaceous diversity indices, including the Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou evenness index, and Patrick index, showed no significant changes with variations in stand density in the P. massoniana plantation. However, there was a highly significant negative correlation between canopy openness of the community crown layer and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of understory herbaceous vegetation. In summary, the canopy structure of P. massoniana plantation community was better under the stand density of 3300 trees/ha−1, and the scattered radiation and direct radiation under the forest were conducive to the maintenance of undergrowth vegetation diversity, which was the reasonable forest density of P. massoniana plantations.
2024, 44(2): 69-76.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202211002
Abstract:
Taking the Juniperus przewalskii community in Qinghai Province as the research object, the survey method is mainly based on sample plot survey and supplemented by sample line survey, the seed plants of 42 sample plots of J. przewalskii community in Zeku County, Xinghai County, Delingha City, Wulan County, Dulan County, Qilian County and Huzhu County were investigated, on this basis, the method of floristic geography was used, and the flora characteristics of the community seed plants were analyzed. The results show that there are 41 families, 136 genera, and 258 species of seed plants in community. The main plants are Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Fabaceae, with abundant genera with 1 species, and with 2−4 species; there are 171 species of perennial herbs, occupying an absolute predominance(66.28%). There are 4 areal-types of families, mainly distributed around the world; There are 12 areal-types of the genera, 100 genera belonged to temperate elements, accounting for 88.50% of the total number of genera. There are 3 genera endemic to China; there are 106 species endemic to China, mainly endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They had both North China, Southwest-North China, and Southwest components. Only 1 species of Gentiana aperta is endemic to Qinghai. Huzhu County has the most abundant seed plants, and the least in Delingha City. The communities of Zeku, Huzhu, and Xinghai are similar in composition, and Delingha, Dulan, and Wulan are similar in composition. The seed plant flora of J. przewalskii community in Qinghai Province is rich; temperate nature is remarkable; Chinese endemic genera are poor, Chinese endemic species are abundant, but native endemic species are poor; the composition of seed plants and the similarity among genera of J. przewalskii community in different regions are different.
Taking the Juniperus przewalskii community in Qinghai Province as the research object, the survey method is mainly based on sample plot survey and supplemented by sample line survey, the seed plants of 42 sample plots of J. przewalskii community in Zeku County, Xinghai County, Delingha City, Wulan County, Dulan County, Qilian County and Huzhu County were investigated, on this basis, the method of floristic geography was used, and the flora characteristics of the community seed plants were analyzed. The results show that there are 41 families, 136 genera, and 258 species of seed plants in community. The main plants are Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Fabaceae, with abundant genera with 1 species, and with 2−4 species; there are 171 species of perennial herbs, occupying an absolute predominance(66.28%). There are 4 areal-types of families, mainly distributed around the world; There are 12 areal-types of the genera, 100 genera belonged to temperate elements, accounting for 88.50% of the total number of genera. There are 3 genera endemic to China; there are 106 species endemic to China, mainly endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They had both North China, Southwest-North China, and Southwest components. Only 1 species of Gentiana aperta is endemic to Qinghai. Huzhu County has the most abundant seed plants, and the least in Delingha City. The communities of Zeku, Huzhu, and Xinghai are similar in composition, and Delingha, Dulan, and Wulan are similar in composition. The seed plant flora of J. przewalskii community in Qinghai Province is rich; temperate nature is remarkable; Chinese endemic genera are poor, Chinese endemic species are abundant, but native endemic species are poor; the composition of seed plants and the similarity among genera of J. przewalskii community in different regions are different.
2024, 44(2): 77-85.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303033
Abstract:
To study the effect of moso bamboo expansion on soil carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) into different stands, we selected 2 continuous interfaces from a moso bamboo stand to its surrounding Chinese fir forest and broad-leaved forest in Mufu mountain area as the research objects. The contents of SOC, TN, TP, NO3−−N, NH4+−N and their ecological stoichiometric ratios in different forest types were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of SOC, TN, TP and NH4+ −N decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth under the 2 expansion patterns, except the content of NO3−−N changed irregularly. During the expansion of moso bamboo to Chinese fir forest, there was no significant difference in SOC, TN and TP contents in the same soil layer. However, during the expansion of bamboo to broad-leaved forest, the SOC and TN contents in 0–10 cm soil layer of bamboo forest decreased by 27.71 % and 30.45 % compared to those in broad-leaved forest and d−ecrease 36.67 % and 31.11 % compared to bamboo broad-leaved mixed forest, while there was no significant difference in 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm soil layers. Moso bamboo expansion had no significant effect on TP content in each soil layer of Chinese fir forest and broad-leaved forest. The expansion of moso bamboo to Chinese fir forest increased NH4+−N content both in 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm soil layers, and the expansion to broad-leaved forest increased NH4+−N content in 10–20 cm soil layer and NO3−−N content in 20–30 cm soil layer. There was no significant effect of moso bamboo expansion to Chinese fir forest on soil C/N, C/P and N/P, while the expansion to broad-leaved forest resulted in a significant decrease in N/P in 0–10 cm soil layer and a significant increase in C/N in 10–20 cm soil layer. In conclusion, the expansion of moso bamboo to Chinese fir forest had no significant effect on the SOC, TN and TP contents, but increased the content of NH4+−N in surface and deep soil layer. However, the expansion of moso bamboo to broadleaved forest resulted in a significant decrease in SOC and TN contents in surface soil, and a significant increase in NH4+−N contents in middle soil and NO3−−N content in deep soil layer.
To study the effect of moso bamboo expansion on soil carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) into different stands, we selected 2 continuous interfaces from a moso bamboo stand to its surrounding Chinese fir forest and broad-leaved forest in Mufu mountain area as the research objects. The contents of SOC, TN, TP, NO3−−N, NH4+−N and their ecological stoichiometric ratios in different forest types were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of SOC, TN, TP and NH4+ −N decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth under the 2 expansion patterns, except the content of NO3−−N changed irregularly. During the expansion of moso bamboo to Chinese fir forest, there was no significant difference in SOC, TN and TP contents in the same soil layer. However, during the expansion of bamboo to broad-leaved forest, the SOC and TN contents in 0–10 cm soil layer of bamboo forest decreased by 27.71 % and 30.45 % compared to those in broad-leaved forest and d−ecrease 36.67 % and 31.11 % compared to bamboo broad-leaved mixed forest, while there was no significant difference in 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm soil layers. Moso bamboo expansion had no significant effect on TP content in each soil layer of Chinese fir forest and broad-leaved forest. The expansion of moso bamboo to Chinese fir forest increased NH4+−N content both in 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm soil layers, and the expansion to broad-leaved forest increased NH4+−N content in 10–20 cm soil layer and NO3−−N content in 20–30 cm soil layer. There was no significant effect of moso bamboo expansion to Chinese fir forest on soil C/N, C/P and N/P, while the expansion to broad-leaved forest resulted in a significant decrease in N/P in 0–10 cm soil layer and a significant increase in C/N in 10–20 cm soil layer. In conclusion, the expansion of moso bamboo to Chinese fir forest had no significant effect on the SOC, TN and TP contents, but increased the content of NH4+−N in surface and deep soil layer. However, the expansion of moso bamboo to broadleaved forest resulted in a significant decrease in SOC and TN contents in surface soil, and a significant increase in NH4+−N contents in middle soil and NO3−−N content in deep soil layer.
2024, 44(2): 86-93.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202212023
Abstract:
This study focuses on the Ailao Mountain region and aims to scientifically assess and evaluate the changes in the water conservation function of the regional ecosystem in 2000, 2010, and 2020 using the water balance method, and to provide an evaluation of its significance. We found that water conservation capacity was significant spatial different, the specific manifestation is highest in the southeast region, higher in the middle region, and northwest region was the lowest. Total water conservation fell by 30% between 2000 and 2020. The decrease of precipitation is the main factor affecting the decrease of water conservation in Ailao Mountain region. Under the background of climate warming and drying, water conservation function in Ailao Mountain region may decline further. Forest is the main contributor to water conservation in the Ailao Mountain region, with its water conservation capacity accounting for the highest proportion among various ecosystems, approximately two-thirds of the total water conservation in the study area. The grade of water conservation of Ailao mountain's ecosystem was dominated by general grade and medium grade in 2000 to 2020. The area of medium grade decreased significantly, and the general grade area increased significantly. Understanding the spatiotemporal variability of regional water conservation function provides a scientific basis for assessing the ecological environment and optimizing ecosystem management decisions in the region.
This study focuses on the Ailao Mountain region and aims to scientifically assess and evaluate the changes in the water conservation function of the regional ecosystem in 2000, 2010, and 2020 using the water balance method, and to provide an evaluation of its significance. We found that water conservation capacity was significant spatial different, the specific manifestation is highest in the southeast region, higher in the middle region, and northwest region was the lowest. Total water conservation fell by 30% between 2000 and 2020. The decrease of precipitation is the main factor affecting the decrease of water conservation in Ailao Mountain region. Under the background of climate warming and drying, water conservation function in Ailao Mountain region may decline further. Forest is the main contributor to water conservation in the Ailao Mountain region, with its water conservation capacity accounting for the highest proportion among various ecosystems, approximately two-thirds of the total water conservation in the study area. The grade of water conservation of Ailao mountain's ecosystem was dominated by general grade and medium grade in 2000 to 2020. The area of medium grade decreased significantly, and the general grade area increased significantly. Understanding the spatiotemporal variability of regional water conservation function provides a scientific basis for assessing the ecological environment and optimizing ecosystem management decisions in the region.
2024, 44(2): 94-100.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303054
Abstract:
A greenhouse hydroponic simulation experiment was conducted to study the prometryn content in water at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 30 days under different concentrations of prometryn pollution in Vetiveria zizanioides, Acorus calamus, and their 2∶1 configuration. The findings revealed that in water polluted by different concentrations of prometryn, the removal rate of prometryn in the plant planting group was 58.60%–91.69% on the 30th day, while in the control group (without planting plants), the removal rate of prometryn was 45.86%–57.48% on the 30th day. The plant planting group was significantly higher than the control group. When the initial concentration of prometryn was <4 mg·L−1, the removal efficiency of V. zizanioides(V) for prometryn pollution in water was the highest, reaching 88.4% on the 30th day. When the initial concentration of prometryn was ≥ 4 mg· L−1, the 2∶1 combination of V. zizanioides and A. calamus(2V-1A) had the highest removal efficiency of prometryn pollution in water, reaching 91.69% on the 30th day. This study provided references for phytoremediation of water bodies polluted by prometryn at different concentrations.
A greenhouse hydroponic simulation experiment was conducted to study the prometryn content in water at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 30 days under different concentrations of prometryn pollution in Vetiveria zizanioides, Acorus calamus, and their 2∶1 configuration. The findings revealed that in water polluted by different concentrations of prometryn, the removal rate of prometryn in the plant planting group was 58.60%–91.69% on the 30th day, while in the control group (without planting plants), the removal rate of prometryn was 45.86%–57.48% on the 30th day. The plant planting group was significantly higher than the control group. When the initial concentration of prometryn was <4 mg·L−1, the removal efficiency of V. zizanioides(V) for prometryn pollution in water was the highest, reaching 88.4% on the 30th day. When the initial concentration of prometryn was ≥ 4 mg· L−1, the 2∶1 combination of V. zizanioides and A. calamus(2V-1A) had the highest removal efficiency of prometryn pollution in water, reaching 91.69% on the 30th day. This study provided references for phytoremediation of water bodies polluted by prometryn at different concentrations.
2024, 44(2): 101-110.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303047
Abstract:
Taking a typical open-pit coal mine in Qianxinan as the research object, collecting soil samples from the waste slag area, the external soil cover area, the phytoremediation area and the unmined control area around the mining area, and determining the pH value, heavy metal content and morphology of soil. At the same time, analyzing the heavy metal pollution diffusion process by standing leaching method. The results showed that the pH values of soil in the waste slag area, the external soil cover area and the phytoremediation area were 2.86, 3.49 and 4.90, respectively, which were lower than those in the unmined control area(pH=6.48), and the soil in the waste land was severely acidified. The contents of heavy metals Cu and Cd in the waste slag area exceeded the soil background values of Guizhou Province by 4.57 times and 3 times, and exceeded the soil pollution risk screening values by 1.86 times and 0.73 times, respectively. The Cr content of heavy metals in the waste slag area exceeded the soil background value of Guizhou Province by 1.14 times and the soil pollution risk screening value by 0.37 times. The heavy metals Cu and Cd in the waste slag area were moderately polluted or above, the heavy metals Cr and Pb were moderately polluted, and the pollution degrees of Pb, Zn and Cr in the phytoremediation area were not significantly different from the control. The nemero pollution index, soil pollution load index and soil comprehensive potential ecological hazard index showed that the pollution level of the phytoremediation area and the external soil cover area was mild pollution, and the waste slag area was severely polluted. The proportion of weak acid extractable state of Cu, Cr and Cd in the waste slag area and the external soil cover area was significantly higher than that in the phytoremediation area and the control area. The release rate and amount of heavy metal leaching in soil in the waste slag area were higher than those in other areas. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between soil pH and the morphological characteristics of heavy metals Cr, Cu and Pb, and the decrease in pH significantly increased the proportion of extractable state of heavy metal weak acid. The soil acidification obviously promoted the migration and release of heavy metal elements and the improvement of bioavailability, and leaching intensified soil acidification and the diffusion of heavy metal pollution.
Taking a typical open-pit coal mine in Qianxinan as the research object, collecting soil samples from the waste slag area, the external soil cover area, the phytoremediation area and the unmined control area around the mining area, and determining the pH value, heavy metal content and morphology of soil. At the same time, analyzing the heavy metal pollution diffusion process by standing leaching method. The results showed that the pH values of soil in the waste slag area, the external soil cover area and the phytoremediation area were 2.86, 3.49 and 4.90, respectively, which were lower than those in the unmined control area(pH=6.48), and the soil in the waste land was severely acidified. The contents of heavy metals Cu and Cd in the waste slag area exceeded the soil background values of Guizhou Province by 4.57 times and 3 times, and exceeded the soil pollution risk screening values by 1.86 times and 0.73 times, respectively. The Cr content of heavy metals in the waste slag area exceeded the soil background value of Guizhou Province by 1.14 times and the soil pollution risk screening value by 0.37 times. The heavy metals Cu and Cd in the waste slag area were moderately polluted or above, the heavy metals Cr and Pb were moderately polluted, and the pollution degrees of Pb, Zn and Cr in the phytoremediation area were not significantly different from the control. The nemero pollution index, soil pollution load index and soil comprehensive potential ecological hazard index showed that the pollution level of the phytoremediation area and the external soil cover area was mild pollution, and the waste slag area was severely polluted. The proportion of weak acid extractable state of Cu, Cr and Cd in the waste slag area and the external soil cover area was significantly higher than that in the phytoremediation area and the control area. The release rate and amount of heavy metal leaching in soil in the waste slag area were higher than those in other areas. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between soil pH and the morphological characteristics of heavy metals Cr, Cu and Pb, and the decrease in pH significantly increased the proportion of extractable state of heavy metal weak acid. The soil acidification obviously promoted the migration and release of heavy metal elements and the improvement of bioavailability, and leaching intensified soil acidification and the diffusion of heavy metal pollution.
2024, 44(2): 111-118.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202211083
Abstract:
Abstact: This paper studied the Pinus koraiensis plantation of Dabiangou Forest Farm in Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province and Mengjiagang Forest Farm in Huanan County, Heilongjiang Province, by selecting 39 and 24 sample trees in 2 climate areas for branch analysis. Measure the branch length, chord length, base diameter, branch depth of all branches, construct crown profile model of 2 P. koraiensis regions based on dumb variables using R language, analyzing the influence of forest factors on crown profiles, and compare the differences of crown contour of P. koraiensis in the 2 climatic regions. The results show that among the power function, the segmented parabola function and the modified Kozak equation, the power function had the best fitting effect of tree crown profile, the power function equation was chosen as the basic model of tree crown profile; when only one of the other factors changed, the crown radius increased with the increase of DBH and CL, and decreased with HD, and CR had the least effect on the crown radius, followed by HD and DBH was the largest. Regional differences affected small trees the most, followed by medium trees, and smallest large trees; dominant crown radius > intermediate crown radius > supressed crown radius. The dumb variable model of the outer crown profile constructed in this study has a goodness-of-fit and can reasonably simulate and predict the outer crown contour of red pine in 2 regions.
Abstact: This paper studied the Pinus koraiensis plantation of Dabiangou Forest Farm in Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province and Mengjiagang Forest Farm in Huanan County, Heilongjiang Province, by selecting 39 and 24 sample trees in 2 climate areas for branch analysis. Measure the branch length, chord length, base diameter, branch depth of all branches, construct crown profile model of 2 P. koraiensis regions based on dumb variables using R language, analyzing the influence of forest factors on crown profiles, and compare the differences of crown contour of P. koraiensis in the 2 climatic regions. The results show that among the power function, the segmented parabola function and the modified Kozak equation, the power function had the best fitting effect of tree crown profile, the power function equation was chosen as the basic model of tree crown profile; when only one of the other factors changed, the crown radius increased with the increase of DBH and CL, and decreased with HD, and CR had the least effect on the crown radius, followed by HD and DBH was the largest. Regional differences affected small trees the most, followed by medium trees, and smallest large trees; dominant crown radius > intermediate crown radius > supressed crown radius. The dumb variable model of the outer crown profile constructed in this study has a goodness-of-fit and can reasonably simulate and predict the outer crown contour of red pine in 2 regions.
2024, 44(2): 119-126.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202211044
Abstract:
Taking the mountain plantation around Xining City as the research object, and using the forest resources update survey data in the past 2 years, a compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model of Pinus tabuliformis forest was constructed. The seemingly unrelated regression method was used to solve the model parameters. And the heteroscedastic correction was made to the model. Finally, testing the predicting effect and adaptability of the compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model for stand mean diameter, mean height and basal area were all above 93%, the MSE and TRE were within ± 2%, and the Chi-square test results were far less than the critical value. The prediction effect of compatible stand growth equation systems model was better than that of independent fitting model. At the young stage of P. tabuliformis, the diameter, tree height and basal area were positively correlated with stand density index and site class index. The diameter and tree height growth were more sensitive to the site class index, while the basal area growth was more sensitive to the stand density index. Based on the model prediction results, the rapid growth period of diameter of P. tabuliformis is 5–25 a, and the average annual growth is 0.33 cm. The rapid growth period of tree height is 5–30 a, and the average annual growth is 0.23 m. The basal area grows fastest before 15 a, with an annual growth rate of 0.13 m2/hm2. The compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model of P. tabuliformis forest constructed in the study has high predicting effect, which can be used to predict the growth of diameter, tree height and basal area of P. tabuliformis stand in Xining City and similar ecological areas, providing reference for the prediction of stand growth and harvest and scientific and reasonable management.
Taking the mountain plantation around Xining City as the research object, and using the forest resources update survey data in the past 2 years, a compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model of Pinus tabuliformis forest was constructed. The seemingly unrelated regression method was used to solve the model parameters. And the heteroscedastic correction was made to the model. Finally, testing the predicting effect and adaptability of the compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model for stand mean diameter, mean height and basal area were all above 93%, the MSE and TRE were within ± 2%, and the Chi-square test results were far less than the critical value. The prediction effect of compatible stand growth equation systems model was better than that of independent fitting model. At the young stage of P. tabuliformis, the diameter, tree height and basal area were positively correlated with stand density index and site class index. The diameter and tree height growth were more sensitive to the site class index, while the basal area growth was more sensitive to the stand density index. Based on the model prediction results, the rapid growth period of diameter of P. tabuliformis is 5–25 a, and the average annual growth is 0.33 cm. The rapid growth period of tree height is 5–30 a, and the average annual growth is 0.23 m. The basal area grows fastest before 15 a, with an annual growth rate of 0.13 m2/hm2. The compatible growth simultaneous equation systems model of P. tabuliformis forest constructed in the study has high predicting effect, which can be used to predict the growth of diameter, tree height and basal area of P. tabuliformis stand in Xining City and similar ecological areas, providing reference for the prediction of stand growth and harvest and scientific and reasonable management.
2024, 44(2): 127-134.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202211067
Abstract:
Taking Shangri-La City, Yunnan Province as the research area, based on ICESat‒2 / ATLAS data, the remote sensing forest canopy density estimation models were established by random forest regression, gradient boosting tree regression and nearest neighbor regression, respectively. The optimal model was selected to invert the forest canopy closure within the study area spots. The results showed that random forest modeling was the best method to estimate forest canopy closure, the coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.9446, mean square error (RMSE) was 0.0560 and the prediction accuracy(P) was 90.60%. The predicted values of canopy closure corresponding to 74873 effective forest spots in Shangri-La City were obtained, and the spatial distribution map of canopy closure of all forest spots in the city was obtained by combining the spot center coordinates. The results can provide a reference for remote sensing estimation of forest canopy closure at low-high altitude areas.
Taking Shangri-La City, Yunnan Province as the research area, based on ICESat‒2 / ATLAS data, the remote sensing forest canopy density estimation models were established by random forest regression, gradient boosting tree regression and nearest neighbor regression, respectively. The optimal model was selected to invert the forest canopy closure within the study area spots. The results showed that random forest modeling was the best method to estimate forest canopy closure, the coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.9446, mean square error (RMSE) was 0.0560 and the prediction accuracy(P) was 90.60%. The predicted values of canopy closure corresponding to 74873 effective forest spots in Shangri-La City were obtained, and the spatial distribution map of canopy closure of all forest spots in the city was obtained by combining the spot center coordinates. The results can provide a reference for remote sensing estimation of forest canopy closure at low-high altitude areas.
2024, 44(2): 135-143.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202209031
Abstract:
Based o correlation and relative importance analysis, we made full use of the officially released forest fire data(1999–2020) and Wildfire Atlas of China(2005–2018) for Xinjiang, summarized their temporal-spatial patterns, analyzed fire-climate relationships, and comprehensively explored their causes. The results were as follows: On the daily scale, 80% of the forest fires were found between 13: 00 and 17: 00. On the monthly scale, most forest fires occurred from March to September(89.62%), with relatively higher burned areas being observed from August to September(79.59%). On annual scales, both fire count and burned areas showed a decreasing trend since 1999, with the latter decreasing significantly. Spatially, forest fires in Xinjiang were observed at the spatial regions of 80°–88°E, 43°–48°N. August–September diurnal temperature range(DTR, raw data: r=0.49, P < 0.05; detrended data: r=0.69, P < 0.05) and maximum temperature(Tmax, raw data: r=0.47, P < 0.05; detrended data: r=0.54, P < 0.05) were found to be the key factors affecting burned areas in Xinjiang. Most forest fires in Xinjiang were caused by humans. The percentage of human–induced forest fires decreased by 13.27% for the periods of 2017–2020(59.76%) compared to that during 1999–2016(71.73%). The results of this study may provide scientific guidelines on forest fire monitoring and alarming in Xinjiang. Specifically, forest fire source management for specific regions should be strengthened when the August–September maximum temperature in Xinjiang is projected to increase.
Based o correlation and relative importance analysis, we made full use of the officially released forest fire data(1999–2020) and Wildfire Atlas of China(2005–2018) for Xinjiang, summarized their temporal-spatial patterns, analyzed fire-climate relationships, and comprehensively explored their causes. The results were as follows: On the daily scale, 80% of the forest fires were found between 13: 00 and 17: 00. On the monthly scale, most forest fires occurred from March to September(89.62%), with relatively higher burned areas being observed from August to September(79.59%). On annual scales, both fire count and burned areas showed a decreasing trend since 1999, with the latter decreasing significantly. Spatially, forest fires in Xinjiang were observed at the spatial regions of 80°–88°E, 43°–48°N. August–September diurnal temperature range(DTR, raw data: r=0.49, P < 0.05; detrended data: r=0.69, P < 0.05) and maximum temperature(Tmax, raw data: r=0.47, P < 0.05; detrended data: r=0.54, P < 0.05) were found to be the key factors affecting burned areas in Xinjiang. Most forest fires in Xinjiang were caused by humans. The percentage of human–induced forest fires decreased by 13.27% for the periods of 2017–2020(59.76%) compared to that during 1999–2016(71.73%). The results of this study may provide scientific guidelines on forest fire monitoring and alarming in Xinjiang. Specifically, forest fire source management for specific regions should be strengthened when the August–September maximum temperature in Xinjiang is projected to increase.
2024, 44(2): 144-154.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202212017
Abstract:
To estimate the significance of Pinus massoniana plantation in biodiversity conservation, the Malaise trap method was used to investigate the insect community composition and diversity in P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest in Shiwandashan Nature Reserve, Damingshan Nature Reserve and Huaping Nature Reserve, Guangxi. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance(PERMANOVA), nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMDS), similarity percentage(SIMPER) and one-way ANOVA were conducted to explore the differences of insect community composition and diversity between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest. The results showed that a total of 10305 insects were collected from 3 study sites, belonging to 10 orders and 102 families, and Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups. PERMANOVA and NMDS analysis showed that there were significant differences in insect community composition among 3 study sites, and there were also significant differences in insect community composition between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest in each study site. SIMPER analysis further indicated that Cecidomyiidae, Sclaridae, Lauxaniidae, Tipulidae, Mycetophilidae, Limoniidae, Dolichopodidae, Calliphoridae, Phoridae, Chironomidae, Asilidae, Ichneumonidae, Eupelmidae, Braconidae, Aphididae, Cicadellidae, Derbidae, Delphacidae, Fulgoridae, Cicadidae, Scolytidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Crambidae, Gracilariidae, Oecophoridae, Gelechiidae and Immidae were the major families that differed between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest, which is probably related to microenvironment in forest or plant species community composition. There was no significant difference in species richness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index at the family level between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest. The results suggest that P. massoniana plantation is not the "desert" of biodiversity and plays an important role in biodiversity conservation, but cannot replace the role of natural forest in maintaining regional biodiversity.
To estimate the significance of Pinus massoniana plantation in biodiversity conservation, the Malaise trap method was used to investigate the insect community composition and diversity in P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest in Shiwandashan Nature Reserve, Damingshan Nature Reserve and Huaping Nature Reserve, Guangxi. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance(PERMANOVA), nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMDS), similarity percentage(SIMPER) and one-way ANOVA were conducted to explore the differences of insect community composition and diversity between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest. The results showed that a total of 10305 insects were collected from 3 study sites, belonging to 10 orders and 102 families, and Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups. PERMANOVA and NMDS analysis showed that there were significant differences in insect community composition among 3 study sites, and there were also significant differences in insect community composition between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest in each study site. SIMPER analysis further indicated that Cecidomyiidae, Sclaridae, Lauxaniidae, Tipulidae, Mycetophilidae, Limoniidae, Dolichopodidae, Calliphoridae, Phoridae, Chironomidae, Asilidae, Ichneumonidae, Eupelmidae, Braconidae, Aphididae, Cicadellidae, Derbidae, Delphacidae, Fulgoridae, Cicadidae, Scolytidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Crambidae, Gracilariidae, Oecophoridae, Gelechiidae and Immidae were the major families that differed between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest, which is probably related to microenvironment in forest or plant species community composition. There was no significant difference in species richness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index at the family level between P. massoniana plantation and the adjacent natural forest. The results suggest that P. massoniana plantation is not the "desert" of biodiversity and plays an important role in biodiversity conservation, but cannot replace the role of natural forest in maintaining regional biodiversity.
2024, 44(2): 155-162.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202308035
Abstract:
To screen the efficient attractants of different Cerambycidae species, and monitoring species and individuals of cerambycid beetles in pine forests, especially the population dynamics of potential vector longhorn beetles of pine wilt disease. Three cerambycid pheromones of 2−(undecyloxy)ethanol(Monochamol), (E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−ol(E/Z−fuscumol), (E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−yl acetate(E/Z−fuscumol acetate) and cubeb oil were used as attractants, supplemented by black intercept panel traps for field trapping experiments. The findings revealed that cubeb oil increased attractive effect of(E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−ol(E/Z−fuscumol)+(E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−yl acetate(E/Z−fuscumol acetate) on Lepturinae, reduced individual number of 2−(undecyloxy)ethanol(Monochamol) on Monochamus saltuarius. The combination of E/Z−fuscumol + E/Z−fuscumol acetate with Monochamol and / or cubeb oil increased the number of captured cerambycid species. In practical application, plant volatiles should also be selected as pheromone synergists according to specific cerambycid species. The combination of Monochamol + E/Z fuscumol acetate + E/Z fuscumol can be used to improve the trapping efficiency in monitoring and control of M. saltuarius and M. urussovi. To reduce the cost, a single Monochamol lure can be used in general cerambycid population monitoring survey.
To screen the efficient attractants of different Cerambycidae species, and monitoring species and individuals of cerambycid beetles in pine forests, especially the population dynamics of potential vector longhorn beetles of pine wilt disease. Three cerambycid pheromones of 2−(undecyloxy)ethanol(Monochamol), (E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−ol(E/Z−fuscumol), (E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−yl acetate(E/Z−fuscumol acetate) and cubeb oil were used as attractants, supplemented by black intercept panel traps for field trapping experiments. The findings revealed that cubeb oil increased attractive effect of(E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−ol(E/Z−fuscumol)+(E)−6,10−dimethyl−5,9−undecadien−2−yl acetate(E/Z−fuscumol acetate) on Lepturinae, reduced individual number of 2−(undecyloxy)ethanol(Monochamol) on Monochamus saltuarius. The combination of E/Z−fuscumol + E/Z−fuscumol acetate with Monochamol and / or cubeb oil increased the number of captured cerambycid species. In practical application, plant volatiles should also be selected as pheromone synergists according to specific cerambycid species. The combination of Monochamol + E/Z fuscumol acetate + E/Z fuscumol can be used to improve the trapping efficiency in monitoring and control of M. saltuarius and M. urussovi. To reduce the cost, a single Monochamol lure can be used in general cerambycid population monitoring survey.
2024, 44(2): 163-173.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202306008
Abstract:
In order to study the difference of Carboxymethyl-chitosan(CMCS)-induced resistant metabolites in postharvest grapefruit fruits. In this study, grapefruit fruits were used as test materials, and grapefruit was induced by 1.5% CMCS and sterile water(CK) for 24 h, respectively. The differences of metabolites in grapefruit fruits were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics. The results showed that a total of 92 differential metabolites were obtained after CMCS induced grapefruit for 24 h, of which 36 were up-regulated and 56 were down-regulated. The KEGG pathway annotation results showed that the differential metabolites were significantly(P < 0.05) enriched into 21 pathways, mainly involved in amino acid and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Further screening found that the expression levels of L−Glutamine, L−Glutamic acid, L−Asparagine, Arginine, Tyramine, Malonic acid, Shikimic acid, D-erythro-3-Methylmalate, trans-Cinnamate and Coumarin changed significantly, and were significantly(P < 0.05) higher than CK. In addition, the related differential metabolites and key resistance differential genes(HSP17.4B, NCED1, GGCT2;2 HSP22.0, WRKY53, HSP22.0, WRKY40, WRKY54) confirmed that there was a significant positive correlation between the two.
In order to study the difference of Carboxymethyl-chitosan(CMCS)-induced resistant metabolites in postharvest grapefruit fruits. In this study, grapefruit fruits were used as test materials, and grapefruit was induced by 1.5% CMCS and sterile water(CK) for 24 h, respectively. The differences of metabolites in grapefruit fruits were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics. The results showed that a total of 92 differential metabolites were obtained after CMCS induced grapefruit for 24 h, of which 36 were up-regulated and 56 were down-regulated. The KEGG pathway annotation results showed that the differential metabolites were significantly(P < 0.05) enriched into 21 pathways, mainly involved in amino acid and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Further screening found that the expression levels of L−Glutamine, L−Glutamic acid, L−Asparagine, Arginine, Tyramine, Malonic acid, Shikimic acid, D-erythro-3-Methylmalate, trans-Cinnamate and Coumarin changed significantly, and were significantly(P < 0.05) higher than CK. In addition, the related differential metabolites and key resistance differential genes(HSP17.4B, NCED1, GGCT2;2 HSP22.0, WRKY53, HSP22.0, WRKY40, WRKY54) confirmed that there was a significant positive correlation between the two.
2024, 44(2): 174-179.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202212050
Abstract:
To investigate the composition of volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) in 6 normal nursery plants in Beijing, we utilized powerful headspace stowing assortment and warm desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(TDS-GC-MS) to BVOCs in Platycladus orientalis, Cedrus deodara, Taxus cuspidata, Ginkgo biloba, Syringa beijingensis and Rosa chinensis. We also uesd particle top region standardization to normalize the peak areas of volatile organic compounds released from plants as a percentage to gauge the overall items in compounds. The results showed that the BVOCs released from P. orientalis included 8 classes of 62 species, C. deodara BVOCs included 8 classes of 64 species, T. cuspidata BVOCs included 7 classes of 65 species, G. biloba BVOCs included 8 classes of 56 species, S. beijingensis BVOCs included 8 classes of 57 species, and R. chinensis BVOCs included 9 classes of 56 species. All 6 nursery plants contained 7 sorts of builds including: olefins, alkanes, fragrant hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters. However the general items in each kind of build differed significantly. All of them contained 5 common components of (+)-α-pinene, (+)-limonene, toluene, hexanal, and trans-3-hexen-1-old in their BVOCs. Their items accounted for 12.24%, 40.1%, 2.44%, 10.74%, 24.32%, and 4.65% of the absolute unstable parts of P. orientalis, C. deodara, T. cuspidata, G. biloba, S. pekinensis and R. chinensis, respectively. The results of the review have significant hypothetical implications for the objective determination and scientific allocation of tree species for unban landscaping in Beijing.
To investigate the composition of volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) in 6 normal nursery plants in Beijing, we utilized powerful headspace stowing assortment and warm desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(TDS-GC-MS) to BVOCs in Platycladus orientalis, Cedrus deodara, Taxus cuspidata, Ginkgo biloba, Syringa beijingensis and Rosa chinensis. We also uesd particle top region standardization to normalize the peak areas of volatile organic compounds released from plants as a percentage to gauge the overall items in compounds. The results showed that the BVOCs released from P. orientalis included 8 classes of 62 species, C. deodara BVOCs included 8 classes of 64 species, T. cuspidata BVOCs included 7 classes of 65 species, G. biloba BVOCs included 8 classes of 56 species, S. beijingensis BVOCs included 8 classes of 57 species, and R. chinensis BVOCs included 9 classes of 56 species. All 6 nursery plants contained 7 sorts of builds including: olefins, alkanes, fragrant hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters. However the general items in each kind of build differed significantly. All of them contained 5 common components of (+)-α-pinene, (+)-limonene, toluene, hexanal, and trans-3-hexen-1-old in their BVOCs. Their items accounted for 12.24%, 40.1%, 2.44%, 10.74%, 24.32%, and 4.65% of the absolute unstable parts of P. orientalis, C. deodara, T. cuspidata, G. biloba, S. pekinensis and R. chinensis, respectively. The results of the review have significant hypothetical implications for the objective determination and scientific allocation of tree species for unban landscaping in Beijing.
2024, 44(2): 180-188.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202212036
Abstract:
In this study, we selected the 15a mixed forests of Cunninghamia lanceolata−Phyllostachys heterocycla, the mixed forests of C. lanceolata−Phoebe bournei and the pure forests of C. lanceolata as research objectives, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC−MS) was employed to determine the essential oil components in different organs(leaves, branches, stems, roots) of C. lanceolata. The sulfuric acid-perchloric acid digestion was utilized to detect the mineral element content in various organs of C. lanceolata. The study analyzed the influence of mixed planting on the essential oil components and content in different organs of C. lanceolata. Furthermore, correlation analysis between the main volatile components in essential oils and mineral elements was conducted to explore the relationship between essential oil components and mineral elements under different plantings. The results showed that a total of 50 substances were detected in each organ of C. lanceolata, including 32 terpenes, 12 alcohols, 2 naphthalenes, 3 terpene esters and 1 other. Compared with C. lanceolata pure forests, the total essential oils of C. lanceolatain in C. lanceolata−P. heterocycla and C. lanceolata−P. bournei mixed forests significantly increased by 156% and 76% in the trunks, 77% and 99% in the roots, and the C. lanceolata−P. heterocycla mixed planting mode is the best. The relative content of the main components of the essential oil is closely related to the content of Al, Ca, K, Mg, Mn and P elements. The mixed planting modes resulted in significant changes in the relative contents of the main substances in different organs such as (+)−cedrol, β−caryophyllene, (−)−(7S)−germacrene D, α−selinene, (+)−β−selinene, etc. In summary, we can improve the extraction rate of essential oil by changing the mixed planting modes of C. lanceolata, targeting to increase the composition of specific substances in the essential oil or reduce the relative content of harmful substances, so as to meet the different demands for C. lanceolata essential oil products.
In this study, we selected the 15a mixed forests of Cunninghamia lanceolata−Phyllostachys heterocycla, the mixed forests of C. lanceolata−Phoebe bournei and the pure forests of C. lanceolata as research objectives, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC−MS) was employed to determine the essential oil components in different organs(leaves, branches, stems, roots) of C. lanceolata. The sulfuric acid-perchloric acid digestion was utilized to detect the mineral element content in various organs of C. lanceolata. The study analyzed the influence of mixed planting on the essential oil components and content in different organs of C. lanceolata. Furthermore, correlation analysis between the main volatile components in essential oils and mineral elements was conducted to explore the relationship between essential oil components and mineral elements under different plantings. The results showed that a total of 50 substances were detected in each organ of C. lanceolata, including 32 terpenes, 12 alcohols, 2 naphthalenes, 3 terpene esters and 1 other. Compared with C. lanceolata pure forests, the total essential oils of C. lanceolatain in C. lanceolata−P. heterocycla and C. lanceolata−P. bournei mixed forests significantly increased by 156% and 76% in the trunks, 77% and 99% in the roots, and the C. lanceolata−P. heterocycla mixed planting mode is the best. The relative content of the main components of the essential oil is closely related to the content of Al, Ca, K, Mg, Mn and P elements. The mixed planting modes resulted in significant changes in the relative contents of the main substances in different organs such as (+)−cedrol, β−caryophyllene, (−)−(7S)−germacrene D, α−selinene, (+)−β−selinene, etc. In summary, we can improve the extraction rate of essential oil by changing the mixed planting modes of C. lanceolata, targeting to increase the composition of specific substances in the essential oil or reduce the relative content of harmful substances, so as to meet the different demands for C. lanceolata essential oil products.
2024, 44(2): 189-194.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303065
Abstract:
The volatile components in leaves of 4 species of Aspidopterys glabriuscula, Aspidopterys cavaleriei, Aspidopterys concava and Aspidopterys obcordata were analyzed by GC−MS. The results showed that a total of 187 chemical components were identified in the leaves of 4 Aspidopterys plants, including 23 alcohols, 11 aromatic hydrocarbons, 3 phenols, 1 ether, 20 aldehydes, 27 ketones, 25 alkanes, 43 alkenes, 22 esters and 12 others. There were 59 common chemical components in the leaves of 4 Aspidopterys plants, and the unique components were different with different components and contents. The main components of A. glabriuscula, A. cavaleriei and A. concava were aldehydes and alcohols, reaching 73.74%–86.85%. The main components of A. obcordata were alcohols, olefins and aldehydes, reaching 68.46%. Cyclohexanol(31.58%), 1-hexanol(23.24%) and (E)-2-hexenal(15.76%) were the main volatile components in the leaves of A. cavaleriei, (E)-2-hexenal(55.63%) and 1-hexanal(15.13%) were the main volatile components in A. cavaleriei, (E)-2-hexenal(41.83%) and cyclohexanol(10.18%) were the main volatile components in A. concava. Aspidopterys obcordata was dominated by 1-hexanol(24.36%) and cyclohexanol(11.35%). The composition and content of volatile components in the leaves of 4 Aspidopterys plants were significantly different. The results can provide reference for the cultivation and resource development and utilization of Aspidopterys plants.
The volatile components in leaves of 4 species of Aspidopterys glabriuscula, Aspidopterys cavaleriei, Aspidopterys concava and Aspidopterys obcordata were analyzed by GC−MS. The results showed that a total of 187 chemical components were identified in the leaves of 4 Aspidopterys plants, including 23 alcohols, 11 aromatic hydrocarbons, 3 phenols, 1 ether, 20 aldehydes, 27 ketones, 25 alkanes, 43 alkenes, 22 esters and 12 others. There were 59 common chemical components in the leaves of 4 Aspidopterys plants, and the unique components were different with different components and contents. The main components of A. glabriuscula, A. cavaleriei and A. concava were aldehydes and alcohols, reaching 73.74%–86.85%. The main components of A. obcordata were alcohols, olefins and aldehydes, reaching 68.46%. Cyclohexanol(31.58%), 1-hexanol(23.24%) and (E)-2-hexenal(15.76%) were the main volatile components in the leaves of A. cavaleriei, (E)-2-hexenal(55.63%) and 1-hexanal(15.13%) were the main volatile components in A. cavaleriei, (E)-2-hexenal(41.83%) and cyclohexanol(10.18%) were the main volatile components in A. concava. Aspidopterys obcordata was dominated by 1-hexanol(24.36%) and cyclohexanol(11.35%). The composition and content of volatile components in the leaves of 4 Aspidopterys plants were significantly different. The results can provide reference for the cultivation and resource development and utilization of Aspidopterys plants.
2024, 44(2): 195-201.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202305031
Abstract:
To explore the distribution of Rhododendron landscape resources in Yunnan Province, a survey was conducted on 66 Rhododendron fields with an area of more than 10000 m2 in the province, and the growth suitable area of 6 common indigenous dominant Rhododendron species was quantitatively analyzed using terrain DEM data and soil pH value data. The results showed that the landscape resources exhibit a wide distribution throughout the province, with a relatively concentrated region in the northwest of Yunnan. There are distinctive features of high elevation(average elevation of 2771 m) and significant relief(maximum height difference of 3014 m). Based on soil and terrain conditions, the spatial distribution of the indigenous dominant Rhododendron varieties' ecological and symbiotic zones align with the regional characteristics of landscape resources. In order to study the vertical change of three-dimensional landscape flowering period, the vertical temperature characteristics of Jiaozi Mountain scenic spot from 2018 to 2021 were analyzed, and the variation rate of three-dimensional landscape flowering period was estimated based on the accumulated temperature theory. It was found that in the middle mountains in the scenic spot, the flowering period was delayed about 3.4 days per 100 meters; in the more colder and higher areas, the flowering period was delayed by about 5.5 days per 100 meters.
To explore the distribution of Rhododendron landscape resources in Yunnan Province, a survey was conducted on 66 Rhododendron fields with an area of more than 10000 m2 in the province, and the growth suitable area of 6 common indigenous dominant Rhododendron species was quantitatively analyzed using terrain DEM data and soil pH value data. The results showed that the landscape resources exhibit a wide distribution throughout the province, with a relatively concentrated region in the northwest of Yunnan. There are distinctive features of high elevation(average elevation of 2771 m) and significant relief(maximum height difference of 3014 m). Based on soil and terrain conditions, the spatial distribution of the indigenous dominant Rhododendron varieties' ecological and symbiotic zones align with the regional characteristics of landscape resources. In order to study the vertical change of three-dimensional landscape flowering period, the vertical temperature characteristics of Jiaozi Mountain scenic spot from 2018 to 2021 were analyzed, and the variation rate of three-dimensional landscape flowering period was estimated based on the accumulated temperature theory. It was found that in the middle mountains in the scenic spot, the flowering period was delayed about 3.4 days per 100 meters; in the more colder and higher areas, the flowering period was delayed by about 5.5 days per 100 meters.
Leaf Traits and Adaptation Strategies to Different Light Environments in Lianas and Herbaceous Vines
2024, 44(2): 202-208.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202305036
Abstract:
Taking 9 kinds of lianas and 5 kinds of herbaceous vines in South China as the research objects, by measuring the leaf trait indicators of 2 types of vines under full sun and shade environments, the differences and correlations of their leaf traits were studied, and their leaf economic spectrum was analyzed and discussed in depth. The results showed that the 14 vines exhibited different adaptation strategies in adapting to different light environments, and the overall performance was to adapt to the shady environment by adopting strategies such as expanding SLA, reducing LT, increasing LWC, and reducing LDMC. The SLA of herbaceous vines was significantly higher than that of lianas, while the LDMC of lianas was significantly higher than that of herbaceous vines. Leaf functional traits SLA, LNC, LD, LDMC, and LWC were closely correlated. It showed a trade-off relationship that SLA was extremely significantly negatively correlated with LDMC and LD, and extremely significantly positively correlated with LNC and LWC. The clustering results show that Epipremnum aureum and Syngonium podophyllum are shade-tolerant plants, and Ipomoea cairica, Paederia scandens, Antigonon leptopus, Mussaenda pubescens, Pyrostegia venusta, Cissus verticillata and Holmskioldia sanguinea are the neutral partial-sun plants, and Artabotrys hexapetalus, Trachelospermum jasminoid, Allemanda cathartica, Bougainvillea sp. and Mucuna birdwoodiana linseed vines are sun-loving plants.
Taking 9 kinds of lianas and 5 kinds of herbaceous vines in South China as the research objects, by measuring the leaf trait indicators of 2 types of vines under full sun and shade environments, the differences and correlations of their leaf traits were studied, and their leaf economic spectrum was analyzed and discussed in depth. The results showed that the 14 vines exhibited different adaptation strategies in adapting to different light environments, and the overall performance was to adapt to the shady environment by adopting strategies such as expanding SLA, reducing LT, increasing LWC, and reducing LDMC. The SLA of herbaceous vines was significantly higher than that of lianas, while the LDMC of lianas was significantly higher than that of herbaceous vines. Leaf functional traits SLA, LNC, LD, LDMC, and LWC were closely correlated. It showed a trade-off relationship that SLA was extremely significantly negatively correlated with LDMC and LD, and extremely significantly positively correlated with LNC and LWC. The clustering results show that Epipremnum aureum and Syngonium podophyllum are shade-tolerant plants, and Ipomoea cairica, Paederia scandens, Antigonon leptopus, Mussaenda pubescens, Pyrostegia venusta, Cissus verticillata and Holmskioldia sanguinea are the neutral partial-sun plants, and Artabotrys hexapetalus, Trachelospermum jasminoid, Allemanda cathartica, Bougainvillea sp. and Mucuna birdwoodiana linseed vines are sun-loving plants.
2024, 44(2): 209-215.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202303023
Abstract:
In order to reveal the differences in the physical and mechanical properties of wood from Cunninghamia lanceolata clones and seedling plantations, the main physical and mechanical properties of wood from 26-year-old C. lanceolata clones and seedling plantations at different circumferential orientations(north-south orientation) and different height positions were measured, and the wood strength and quality coefficients were investigated to comprehensively evaluate the material grades of wood from C. lanceolata clones and seedling plantations. The results showed that in addition to impact toughness, the density, shrinkage, difference shrinkage, swelling rate(all dry−air dry), hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus of elasticity, compressive strength parallel to grain, and transverse compressive strength of C. lanceolata clones were higher than those of seedlings; the influence of circumferential orientation on the physical and mechanical strength of C. lanceolata clones and seedlings was not significant; tree height had a significant impact on the air dry density and water absorption of C. lanceolata clones wood, the basic density, air dry density, water absorption, transverse compressive strength, and hardness of seedling wood, while it had a significant impact on the basic density, total dry density, and volume moisture expansion of clone wood, the total dry density, and volume moisture expansion of seedling wood, and had no significant impact on other physical and mechanical strength of the 2 types of wood; the air dried density, end hardness, transverse compressive strength, and longitudinal compressive strength of the 2 types of wood showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the increase of tree height; in addition to the shrinkage, the physical and mechanical properties of the 2 types of wood were in the low-grade of domestic wood; the comprehensive quality coefficient of the 2 types of C. lanceolata wood was relatively high, and they were both high-grade wood.
In order to reveal the differences in the physical and mechanical properties of wood from Cunninghamia lanceolata clones and seedling plantations, the main physical and mechanical properties of wood from 26-year-old C. lanceolata clones and seedling plantations at different circumferential orientations(north-south orientation) and different height positions were measured, and the wood strength and quality coefficients were investigated to comprehensively evaluate the material grades of wood from C. lanceolata clones and seedling plantations. The results showed that in addition to impact toughness, the density, shrinkage, difference shrinkage, swelling rate(all dry−air dry), hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus of elasticity, compressive strength parallel to grain, and transverse compressive strength of C. lanceolata clones were higher than those of seedlings; the influence of circumferential orientation on the physical and mechanical strength of C. lanceolata clones and seedlings was not significant; tree height had a significant impact on the air dry density and water absorption of C. lanceolata clones wood, the basic density, air dry density, water absorption, transverse compressive strength, and hardness of seedling wood, while it had a significant impact on the basic density, total dry density, and volume moisture expansion of clone wood, the total dry density, and volume moisture expansion of seedling wood, and had no significant impact on other physical and mechanical strength of the 2 types of wood; the air dried density, end hardness, transverse compressive strength, and longitudinal compressive strength of the 2 types of wood showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the increase of tree height; in addition to the shrinkage, the physical and mechanical properties of the 2 types of wood were in the low-grade of domestic wood; the comprehensive quality coefficient of the 2 types of C. lanceolata wood was relatively high, and they were both high-grade wood.
2024, 44(2): 216-220.
doi: 10.11929/j.swfu.202312063
Abstract:
Plant type is an important ornamental trait of garden plants, and cultivating abundant ornamental traits is one of the breeding goals of garden plants. As an important garden plant in China, Nelumbo nucifera's ideal plant type breeding should be developed into two extreme plant types: high, large and extremely small. In this study, the cytological basis, physiological mechanism and molecular mechanism of N. nucifera type regulation were systematically reviewed. The future research directions of exploring the development model and gene regulation mechanism of stem apex meristem and intermediate meristem, mining the key genes of GAs and AUX in synthesis and signal transduction, and exploiting the QTL locus and related genes accurately by using molecular marker technology were proposed, in order to provide references for the development and utilization of N. nucifera germplasm resources.
Plant type is an important ornamental trait of garden plants, and cultivating abundant ornamental traits is one of the breeding goals of garden plants. As an important garden plant in China, Nelumbo nucifera's ideal plant type breeding should be developed into two extreme plant types: high, large and extremely small. In this study, the cytological basis, physiological mechanism and molecular mechanism of N. nucifera type regulation were systematically reviewed. The future research directions of exploring the development model and gene regulation mechanism of stem apex meristem and intermediate meristem, mining the key genes of GAs and AUX in synthesis and signal transduction, and exploiting the QTL locus and related genes accurately by using molecular marker technology were proposed, in order to provide references for the development and utilization of N. nucifera germplasm resources.
